Vol. 3 No. 1(7) (2024)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/10.46991/JOPS/2024.3.7
Published: 2024-08-09

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    Abstract

    In the global conditions of growing challenges of integration processes and world order, there was a sharp decline in the level of Russian governance and manageability of international relations. The previous mechanisms of international security turned out to be ineffective, regional and partly global, so regional instability increased sharply. This, in particular, led to the fact that national security turned out to be closely linked with international security. The international dimension of national security, which was never disputed by anyone before, has increased many times. From now on, any state can feel relatively safe only in the conditions of strengthening international law and world order that meets the interests of all countries of the world community. The consequences of European integration of post-Soviet countries for ensuring national security have encountered new risks and have turned out to be very contradictory. They create both new, previously unseen opportunities for the development and prosperity of various countries, and new, extremely dangerous challenges and threats. For Armenia, Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia, which for objective reasons maintain the continuity of not only their regional, but also European interests, all these aspects are especially important and relevant. European integration and democratization of the modern world irreversibly changes the hierarchy of the main actors of national security. Democratization of the political systems of the Eastern Partnership countries and their external environment, albeit inconsistently and contradictorily, does not allow anyone to trample democratic norms with impunity, ignore human interests and rights. The greatest attention is drawn to the search of Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine for their national identity, definition of a national development strategy, as well as attitudes towards the very contradictory processes of globalization taking place in the world.

    References

Regional Policy

  • Regional Policy

    Transformation of Modern Wars in the South Caucasus: Azerbaijan's Hybrid War Against Artsakh

    Ruben Elamiryan
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    Abstract

    The Third Artsakh war has dramatically transformed the security environment in the South Caucasus. Being a result and indicator of changing world order, it unleashed the parameters of the newly-developing formats of conflicts, confrontations, and wars, called hybrid warfare. From this perspective the paper studies the parameters of hybrid warfare against Artsakh launched by Azerbaijan. Application of hybrid warfare against Artsakh is not a new phenomenon and has being practiced by Azerbaijan at least during the last 10-15 years. However, the results of the 44-day war has provided new framework, opportunities, and instruments to intensify hybrid operations, striving to maximize the results.

    Hence, the paper discusses the Azerbaijani strategy of hybrid war against Artsakh by analyzing the main strategies, tactics, instruments and tools used by Azerbaijan against Artsakh, specifically, after 44-day war.

    The paper argues that after the Third Artsakh war of 2020 Azerbaijan has launched a full scale hybrid operation to provide ethnic cleansing of Artsakh and receive ‘Nagorno-Karabakh without Armenians’. The operation was based on the following components: information-psychological campaign/influence operations (against Armenians in Artsakh), economic and energy aspects, ecological issues, blockade, international campaigns, support to split Armenian power (in Armenia and Armenian Diaspora), sabotage against critical infrastructure and population, and so on. Concluding the paper launches, a discussion about Azerbaijani engagement with Armenia after the ethnic cleansing of Artsakh of Autumn of 2023.

    References

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    ARMENPRESS. 2024. “Joint Russian-Turkish monitoring center in Nagorno-Karabakh to stop its activity.” April 18, 2024. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1135088/.

    Azatutyun.am. 2023. “Longer Power Cuts Imposed In Karabakh. Azatutyun Radio Station.” January 16, 2023. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://www.azatutyun.am/a/32225894.html.

    Ceasefire Agreement. 1994. Minister of Defense of Azerbaijan, Minister of Defense of Armenia, and Nagorno Karabakh Army Commander. “The text was signed respectively by M. Mamedov in Baku on May 9, S. Sargsyan in Yerevan on May 10, S. Babayan in Stepanakert on May 11, 1994.” Accessed April 25, 2024. https://www.peaceagreements.org/viewmasterdocument/990.

    Cîrdei, Ionut Alin. 2017. “The Hybrid Warfare in the 21St Century: An Old Concept with a New Face.” International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 23 (1): 74-78. https://doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2017-0011.

    Connable, Ben. 2017. “Redesigning Strategy for Irregular War: Improving Strategic Design for Planners and Policymakers to Help Defeat Groups Like the Islamic State.” RAND Corporation. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR1172.html.

    Council on Foreign Relations. 2024. “Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict by the Center for Preventive Action.” March 20, 2024. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/nagorno-karabakh-conflict.

    Cullen, Patrick J. and Erik Reichborn-Kjennerud. 2017. “MCDC Countering Hybrid Warfare Project: Understanding Hybrid Warfare.” Accessed April 25, 2024. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a8228a540f0b62305b92caa/dar_mcdc_hybrid_warfare.pdf.

    Elamiryan, Ruben. 2022. “The US, Strategic Environment in the South Caucasus and Armenia: A Sight on the Future”. Journal of Political Science: Bulletin of Yerevan University 1 (3): 25-35. https://doi.org/10.46991/JOPS/2022.1.3.025.

    Grigoryan, Tigran. 2022. “The referendum on joining Russia will not bring any practical benefit to Artsakh.” [Rrusastani kazm mtnelu hanrak’ven Arts’akhin gortsnakan ogut ch’i beri] (in Armenian). Civilnet, April 2, 2022. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://www.civilnet.am/news/656394/ռուսաստանի-կազմ-մտնելու-հանրաքվեն-արցախին-գործնական-օգուտ-չի-բերի/

    Hajiyeva, Gunay. 2022. “President Aliyev Blames Armenia for Non-Implementation of Tripartite Statement.” Caspian News. July 17, 2022. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/president-aliyev-blames-armenia-for-non-implementation-of-tripartite-statement-2022-7-17-0/.

    Hoffman, Frank G. 2007. Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars. Arlington,. VA: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.

    International Court of Justice. 2023. “Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan): Request for the indication of provisional measures.” Summary 2023/1, February 22, 2023. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/180/180-20230222-SUM-01-00-EN.pdf.

    JAMnews. 2021. “Azerbaijan denies reports of soldier civilian in Nagorno-Karabakh, Moscow confirms the incident.” October 11, 2021. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://jam-news.net/azerbaijan-denies-reports-of-soldier-civilian-in-nagorno-karabakh-moscow-confirms-the-incident/.

    Johnson, Robert. 2017. “The Evolution of Hybrid Threats Through History.” In: Shifting Paradigm of War: hybrid warfare, edited by Yücel Özel, and Ertan Inaltekin, 3-8. Istanbul: Turkish National Defense University Printing House.

    Libiseller, Chiara. 2023. “‘Hybrid Warfare’ as an Academic Fashion.” Journal of Strategic Studies 46 (4): 858–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2023.2177987.

    MFA of the RF. 2021. “Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s remarks and answers to media questions at the Primakov Readings International Forum, via videoconference, Moscow, June 9, 2021.” Accessed April 25, 2024. https://archive.mid.ru/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/4779515?p_p_id=101_INSTANCE_cKNonkJE02Bw&_101_INSTANCE_cKNonkJE02Bw_languageId=en_GB.

    Mianji, Jalaleddin Namini. 2020. “Turkey’s Approach Toward the 2020 Karabakh War.” Institute for Political and International Studies, November 17, 2020. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://www.ipis.ir/en/subjectview/617975/turkey’s-approach-toward-the-2020-karabakh-war

    Murray, Williamson, and Peter R. Mansoor (eds.) 2012. Hybrid Warfare: Fighting Complex Opponents from the Ancient World to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139199254.

    NEWS.am. 2020. “Artsakh: Hin Tagher and Khtsaberd villages heads say 10 people were captured from Armenian side.” Accessed April 25, 2024. https://news.am/eng/news/618867.html.

    Nilsson, Niklas, Mikael Weissmann, Björn Palmertz, Per Thunholm, and Henrik Häggström. 2021. “Security challenges in the grey zone: Hybrid threats and hybrid warfare.” In: Hybrid Warfare: Security and Asymmetric Conflict in International Relations, edited by Mikael Weissmann , Niklas Nilsson , Björn Palmertz, and Per Thunholm, 1-18. London: I.B. Tauris. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781788317795.0005.

    OSCE. 2009. “Statement by the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair countries.” July 10, 2009. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://www.osce.org/mg/51152.

    Poghosyan, Benyamin. 2022. “US Policy in the South Caucasus Prior to and After the 2020 Karabakh War in the Context of the Evolving Regional and International Geopolitics”. Journal of Political Science: Bulletin of Yerevan University 1 (3):36-50. https://doi.org/10.46991/JOPS/2022.1.3.036.

    Prime Minister of the RA. 2020. “Statement by the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the President of the Russian Federation.” October 11, 2020. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://www.primeminister.am/en/press-release/item/2020/11/10/Announcement/.

    Schmidt, Hans-Joachim. 2017. “The Four-Day War Has Diminished the Chances of Peace in Nagorno-Karabakh.” In: OSCE Yearbook 2016, edited by IFSH, 111-123. Baden-Baden. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://ifsh.de/file/publication/OSCE_Yearbook_en/2016/Schmidt-en.pdf.

    The International Crisis Group. 2023. The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Visual Explainer.” September 16, 2023. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://www.crisisgroup.org/content/nagorno-karabakh-conflict-visual-explainer.

    Vuković, Josipa, Dario Matika, and Slavko Barić. 2016. “Hybrid warfare challenges.” Security and Defence Quarterly 12 (3): 118-138. https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/103239.

    Weissmann, Mikael. 2021. “Conceptualizing and countering hybrid threats and hybrid warfare: The role of the military in the grey zone.” In: Hybrid Warfare Security and Asymmetric Conflict in International Relations, edited by Mikael Weissmann, Niklas Nilsson, Björn Palmertz, and Per Thunholm, 61-82. New Delhi: I. B. Tauris.

    Wither, James K. 2016. “Making Sense of Hybrid Warfare.” Connections 15 (2): 73-87.

    Wither, James K. 2020. “Defining hybrid warfare.” Per Concordiam 10 (1): 7-15.

    Yildiz, Gültekin. 2017. “How Postmodern is Hybrid Warfare?: Revisiting the Modern Eurasian Military History.” In: Shifting Paradigm of War: hybrid warfare, edited by Yücel Özel, and Ertan Inaltekin, 23-30. Istanbul: Turkish National Defense University Printing House.

  • Regional Policy

    The Second Karabakh War and the Dynamics of Relations Between the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation

    Marut Vardazaryan
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    Abstract

    The article examines the dynamics of development of relations between Armenia and Russia after the Second Karabakh War. Armenian-Russian relations are considered in the context of a comparative analysis of regional processes. In the context of the cooling of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Russia managed to implement a key policy of containment, as well as maneuver between Azerbaijan and Armenia. However, this policy became ineffective when Turkey actively intervened in the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict.

    The article analyzes the factors that negatively influenced the revision of Russian foreign policy to the detriment of Armenia. The article substantiates the hypothesis that Russia was able to stop military operations in the Second Karabakh war in time to prevent the strengthening of Turkish influence in Azerbaijan. From the point of view of Russian interests, the most effective way to solve this problem was to deepen relations with Azerbaijan through a strategic alliance at the expense of Armenia.

    References

    Avdaliani, Emil. 2022. Russia’s “Return” to the South Caucasus. In: New World Order and Small Regions. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, pp. 191-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4037-8_7.

    Banai, Moshe․ 2023. “Who Are You, Donald J. Trump?.” In: The Perils of Populism: The End of the American Century?, edited by Adebowale Akande, 423-444. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36343-6_19.

    Bartolini, Giulio. 2024. The Ukrainian–Russian Armed Conflict and the Law of Neutrality: Continuity, Discontinuity, or Irrelevance?. Netherlands International Law Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-024-00262-8.

    Beckley, Michael. 2021. “The End of the Affair: U.S.–China Relations Under Trump.” In: The Trump Doctrine and the Emerging International System. The Evolving American Presidency, edited by Stanley A. Renshon, and Peter Suedfeld, 227-245. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45050-2_9.

    Colibășanu, Antonia. 2023. The Caucasus: Borderlands Meeting Point. In: Geopolitics, Geoeconomics and Borderlands. Contributions to International Relations. Springer, Cham, pp. 127-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33940-0_8.

    Council of the EU. 2023. “Armenia: EU launches a civilian mission to contribute to stability in border areas.” Accessed April 30, 2024. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/02/20/armenia-eu-launches-a-civilian-mission-to-contribute-to-stability-in-border-areas/.

    Dodds, Graham G. 2023. “Is the President a King? The Unitary Executive Theory and the Presidency of Donald J. Trump.” In: The Perils of Populism: The End of the American Century?, edited by Adebowale Akande, 487-517. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36099-2_21.

    Dugin, Alexander. 2023. Russia's Mistakes in the Post-Soviet Space and Ways to Correct Them [Dugin, Aleksandr. 2023. Oshibki Rossii na postsovetskom prostranstve i puti ikh ispravleniya]. RIA Novosti, October 10, 2023. Accessed April 30, 2024. https://ria.ru/20240829/s-400-1969215815.html (in Russian).

    EEAS. 2023. “EU Mission in Armenia (EUMA).” Accessed April 30, 2024. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/euma_en?s=410283.

    FIP. 2024. “Zakharova has no evidence of ethnic cleansing in Nagorno-Karabakh: False and manipulative statements of the Russian Foreign Ministry.” Accessed April 30, 2024. https://fip.am/en/23928.

    Karlinsky, Ariel, and Orsola Torrisi. 2023. “The Casualties of War: An Excess Mortality Estimate of Lives Lost in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict.” Population Research and Policy Review 42, 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-023-09790-2.

    Kremlin. 2020. “Replies to media questions on developments in Nagorno-Karabakh.” Accessed April 30, 2024. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/64431.

    Lantsov, Sergei A. 2022. “The second Karabakh war: background, causes, consequences.” Polis. Political Studies 3: 96-107 (In Russian) https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2022.03.08.

    Meister, Stefan. 2024. “Comprehensive Security in the Wider Black Sea Region: The Connection with the South Caucasus and the Caspian Sea.” In: Security Dynamics in the Black Sea Region: Geopolitical Shifts and Regional Orders, edited by Kornely Kakachia, Stephan Malerius, and Stefan Meister, 191-204. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62957-0_15.

    MFA of the RA. 2023. “Statement of the MFA of Armenia on the ICJ Order of November 17.” Accessed April 30, 2024. https://www.mfa.am/en/interviews-articles-and-comments/2023/11/18/mfa_statement/12346.

    MFA of the RF. 2023. “Comment by Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova on Russia’s humanitarian aid to Nagorno-Karabakh.” Accessed April 30, 2024. https://www.mid.ru/en/press_service/spokesman/comments/1904078/.

    O’Brien, Shannon Bow. 2024. Donald Trump’s Rhetoric and How Eugenics Frames His World. In: Eugenics in American Political Life. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 75-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63553-3_4.

    Özdal, Habibe. 2023. “Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy and Its Reflections on Turkey–Russia Relations.” In: Turkey’s Challenges and Transformation: Politics and Society on the Centennial of the Republic, edited by Harun Arıkan and Zeynep Alemdar, 249-266. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25799-5_15.

    Reuters. 2023. “Russia's Lavrov says Moscow ready to send mission to Armenia-Azerbaijan border.” Accessed April 30, 2024. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russias-lavrov-says-moscow-ready-send-mission-armenia-azerbaijan-border-2023-01-18/.

    Sahar, Gail. 2023. Blame in the Age of Donald Trump. In: Blame and Political Attitudes. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 119-149. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20236-0_6.

    Shokri Kalehsar, Omid. 2021. Trump Energy Diplomacy. In: US Energy Diplomacy in the Caspian Sea Basin. Springer, Cham, pp. 189-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66929-4_6.

    Smith, Aaron X. 2023. “Donald J. Trump in the Whirlwind of Populism and Globalization.” In: The Perils of Populism: The End of the American Century?, edited by Adebowale Akande, 383-408. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36099-2_17.

    Vardazaryan, Marut, and Yerem Vardazaryan. 2019. “Armenian ‘Velvet Revolution’ and the Dynamics of the Relationship Development Between the Republic of Armenia and the Russian Federation.” Bulletin of Yerevan University D: International Relations and Political Sciences 10 (1 (28):3-11.

    Vardazaryan, Marut. 2023. “The Issue of ‘Zangezur Corridor’ in the Current Regional Developments”. Bulletin of Yerevan University D: International Relations and Political Sciences 14 (2 (41): 34-47. https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:D/2023.14.2.034.

    Vinokurov, Evgeny Y., Arman Ahunbaev, and Alexander I. Zaboev. 2022. “International North–South Transport Corridor: Boosting Russia’s “pivot to the South” and Trans-Eurasian connectivity.” Russian Journal of Economics 8 (2): 159-173. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.8.86617.

Comparative politics

  • Comparative politics

    Self-exclusion as a Security Strategy of Small States

    Narek Galstyan
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    Abstract

    This article analyzes the strategy of self-exclusion in the foreign policy of small states, considering their goals and expected results of this strategy, that is, the main conditions for its implementation, the main determinants, and also identifies and characterizes its varieties and practical manifestations. In this context, global transformations also cause changes related to the positions and roles of small states in world politics and international relations. At the same time, global transformations change the understanding of the security of small states, which in turn leads to an increase in the number of studies in this area. Together, these factors become the rationale for the relevance of studying the security problems of small states in modern conditions. In conclusion, the results of the analysis are summarized, the features of the strategy of self-exclusion, common features and differences in its varieties are shown.

    References

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    Choi, Insu. 1995. Small states and the balance of power. Monterey. Naval Postgraduate School. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/31415.

    Dahl, Ann-Sofie. 1997. “To Be or Not to Be Neutral: Swedish Security Strategy in the Post-Cold War Era.” In: The National Security of Small States in a Changing World, edited by Efraim Inbar and Gabriel Sheffer, 175-196. London: Routledge.

    Domingo, Francis. 2014. “The RMA Theory and Small States.” Military and Strategic Affairs 6(3): 43-58.

    Elínardóttir, Jóna Sólveig, and Baldur Thorhallsson. 2020. “The Nordic states: keeping cool at the top?” In Handbook on the Politics of Small States, edited by Godfrey Baldacchino and Anders Wivel, 113-130. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing.

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    Fischer, Thomas et al. 2016. “Introduction: Neutrality and Nonalignment in World Politics during the Cold War.” Journal of Cold War Studies 18 (4) 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1162/JCWS_a_00677.

    Frei, Daniel. 1967. Neutralität: Ideal oder Kalkül? Zweihundert Jahre außenpolitisches Denken in der Schweiz. Frauenfeld/Stuttgart: Huber.

    Galstyan, Narek. 2021. “Types of Security Strategies of Small States: Compilation and Opposition.” Banber Yerevan University: International Relations, Political Science 3 (36): 61-70. https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:D/2021.12.3.061 [Galstyan, Narek. 2021. P’vok’r petut’yunneri anvtangut’yan rrazmavarut’yunneri tipery. hamadrum yev hakadrum. Banber Yerevani hamalsarani. Mijazgayin haraberut’yunner․ k’aghak’agitut’yun 3(36): 61-70] (in Armenian).

    Galstyan, Narek. 2019. “The Main Signs and Reasons for the Small State Foreign Policy Behaviour.” Banber Yerevan University: International Relations, Political Science 2 (29): 3-16 [Galstyan, Narek. 2019. “P’vok’r petut’yunneri artak’in k’aghak’akan vark’i himnakan hatkanishnern u patcharrnery.” Banber Yerevani hamalsarani. Mijazgayin haraberut’yunner, k’aghak’agitut’yun 2 (29): 3-16] (in Armenian).

    Goetschel, Laurent. 1999. “Neutrality, a Really Dead Concept?” Cooperation and Conflict 34 (2): 115-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836711416955.

    Hey, Jeanne A. K. 2003a. “Introducing Small State Foreign Policy.” In: Small States in World Politics. Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior, edited by Jeanne A. K. Hey, 1-11. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

    Hey, Jeanne A. K. 2003b. “Refining Our Understanding of Small State Foreign Policy.” In: Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior, edited by Jeanne A. K. Hey, 185-197. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

    Jesse, Neal G., and John R. Dreyer. 2023. “Theories of Foreign Policy Priorities of Small and Landlocked States.” In: Walking among Giants․ Foreign policy and development strategies of small and landlocked countries, edited by Chandra Dev Bhatta and Jonathan Menge, 19-38. Kathmandu: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.

    Karsh, Efraim. 2012. Neutrality and Small States. Routledge: New York.

    Lassinantti, Gunnar. 2001. “Small States and Alliances – A Swedish Perspective.” In Small States and Alliances, edited by Erich and Gartner, Heinz Reiter, 101-112. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.

    Long, Tom. 2022. A Small State's Guide to Influence in World Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Luif, Paul. 2003. “Austria: The Burdens of History.” In Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior, edited by Jeanne A. K. Hey, 95-116. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

    Maniruzzaman, Talukder. 1982. The security of small states in the Third World. London: Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence.

    Michalski, Anna, Douglas Brommesson, and Ann-Marie Ekengren. 2024. “Small states and the dilemma of geopolitics: role change in Finland and Sweden.” International Affairs 100 (1): 139-157. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiad244.

    Morris, Kate, and Timothy J. White. 2011. “Neutrality and the European Union: The Case of Switzerland.” Journal of Law and Conflict Resolution 3 (7): 104-111. https://doi.org/10.5897/JLCR.9000033.

    Müller, Leos. 2019. Neutrality in World History. New York: Routledge.

    Murphy, Steven. 2021. “Friends with Benefits? NATO and the European Neutral/Non-aligned States.” In: Small States and the New Security Environment, edited by Anne-Marie Brady and Baldur Thorhallsson, 1-12. Cham: Springer.

    Nasu, Hitoshi. 2022a. “The Laws of Neutrality in the Interconnected World: Mapping the Future Scenarios.” In: The Future Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford Academic, edited by Matthew C. Waxman, and Thomas W. Oakley, 123-140. New York, Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197626054.003.0008.

    Nasu, Hitoshi. 2022b. “The future law of neutrality.” Articles of War, Lieber Institute, United States Military Academy. 19 07. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://lieber.westpoint.edu/future-law-of-neutrality/.

    Oppenheim, Lassa Francis. 1912. International Law. A Treatise. Volume II – War and Neutrality. 2. Vol. 2. 2 vols. London: Longmans, Green and Co. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41047/41047-h/41047-h.htm.

    Rickli, Jean-Marc. 2010. “Neutrality Inside and Outside the EU: A Comparison of Austrian and Swiss Security Policies after the Cold War.” In: Small States in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities, edited by Robert Steinmetz, and Anders Wivel, 181-194. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315609348.

    Simpson, Archie W. 2018. “Realism, Small States and Neutrality.” In Realism in Practice: An Appraisal, edited by Davide Orsi, J. R. Avgustin and Max Nurnus, 119-130. Bristol: E-International Relations Publishing.

    Simpson, Archie W. 2021. A Theory of Disfunctionality The European Micro-states as Disfunctional States in the International System. Vernon Press.

    Thorhallsson, Baldur, and Sverrir Steinsson. 2017. “Small State Foreign Policy.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics: 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.484.

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    Vaicekauskaitė, Živilė Marija. 2017. “Security Strategies of Small States in a Changing World.” Journal on Baltic Security, 3(2) 7-15, https://doi.org/10.1515/jobs-2017-0006.

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American Politics

  • American Politics

    The Image of the US Army in American movies: The Soft Power of American Cinema

    Yuliana Melkumyan, Nvard Melkonyan, Sofi Javadyan
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    Abstract

    The formation of the army's image has acquired newfound significance in our time. Paradoxically, alongside the spread of humanist ideology, the number of violent conflicts worldwide is increasing. These stimulates the need for propaganda aimed at shaping the image of the army and enhancing the attractiveness of service. As one of the world's largest military forces, the US army has engaged in a diverse array of conflicts with over 750 military bases in approximately 80 countries (Kohli 2020). A diverse range of tools is employed to shape the image of the US army, including media, recruitment campaigns, social media, public events, etc. Among these tools, movies have their specific role. While traditionally intended for entertainment, movies have been used for over a century as a means to shape public opinion. This article delves into the main attributes of the US Army as a social institution, analyzing its four fundamental characteristics: the Militia Tradition, Mobilization Miracles, Man-Mindedness, Maritime Influence, the weapon and the enemy as distinctive attributes. Additionally, it features the seven core values of the US Army: Loyalty, Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Integrity, and Personal Courage. The article provides a detailed analysis of how various components of movie production tools communicate the attributes and core values of the US Army and contribute to shaping its image, examining a high-viewership movie “Interceptor” (2022). The goal of the study was to find out the image of the US Army that “Interceptor” projects and to identify the verbal and visual communicative means it uses for this purpose. The content analysis made it possible to distinguish verbal and visual elements of the movie, encompassing human voice, mise-en-scène, as well as film editing techniques, to identify and highlight the messages and ideas conveyed about the attributes of the US Army. 

    References

    Atanesyan, Arthur V. 2022. “Women in the Armed Forces and Conflicts:The U.S. Policies and Experience.” USA & Canada: economics, politics, culture 12: 19-37 (In Russian).

    Bordwell, David, and Kristin Thompson. 2008. Film art: An introduction. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

    Brown, Blain. 2022. Cinematography: Theory and Practice: Image Making for Cinematographers, Directors, and Videographers. Routledge.

    Burch, Noel. 2014. Theory of Film Practice. Princeton University Press.

    Chande, Neha. 2022. “‘Interceptor’ Maintains #1 Globally on Netflix Despite Poor Reviews, Crossing 35 Million Watch-Hours.” Netflix Junkie, September 9, 2022. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.netflixjunkie.com/netflix-news-interceptor-maintains-1-what-to-watch-interceptor-maintains-1-globally-on-netflix-despite-poor-reviews-crossing-35-million-watch-hours-chris-hemsworth-on-netflix-despite-poor-reviews-cros/.

    Dahl, Gordon B., and Enrico Moretti. 2008. “The Demand for Sons.” The Review of Economic Studies 75 (4): 1085-1120, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2008.00514.x.

    Davis, Lynn E., and Jeremy Shapiro. 2003. The US Army and the New National Security Strategy. Santa Monica, California: Rand.

    Edmunds, Timothy. 2006. “What are armed forces for? The changing nature of military roles in Europe.” International Affairs 82 (6): 1059-1075, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00588.x.

    Fishburne, Rhondaya, and Bennett Rine. 2021. “Sit Back, Relax and Enjoy the Show: Hollywood’s 21st Century Cold War.” Glimpse from the Globe, February 23, 2021. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.glimpsefromtheglobe.com/topics/economics/sit-back-relax-and-enjoy-the-show-hollywoods-21st-century-cold-war/.

    Gilchrist, Todd. 2020. “The Crafts on Putting Together Rod Lurie’s ‘The Outpost’.” Variety, July 3, 2020. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://variety.com/2020/artisans/news/rod-lurie-the-outpost-military-advisor-1234697571/.

    Hambardzumyan, Arevik. 2020. “Contemporary Approaches to Sociological Reinterpretation of the Functions of Armed Forces”. Journal of Sociology: Bulletin of Yerevan University 11 (2 (32): 49-58. https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:F/2020.11.2.049.

    Hassall, Greg. 2021. “Author Matthew Reilly goes from books to big screen in Interceptor directing debut.” ABC NEWS, 10 October. 2021. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-11/matthew-reillys-directing-dream-come-true-interceptor/100513242.

    Hillsdale College. 2019. South Carolina, 1942: Churchill’s View of American Troops. The Churchill project, February 5, 2019. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://winstonchurchill.hillsdale.edu/churchills-view-us-troops/.

    Hosek, James R. 2003. “The soldier of the 21st century.” In: New Challenges, New Tools for Defense Decisionmaking, edeted by Stuart Johnson, Martin C. Libicki, and Gregory F. Treverton, 181-210. Santa Monica, California: Rand.

    Interceptor. 2022. Directed by Metthew Reilly. Australia, US: Ambience Entertainment and Foryor Entertainment. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.netflix.com/am/title/81388316.

    Kernic, Franz. 2023. Social Sciences and the Military: Preliminary Remarks. In: War, Peace and the Military. Militär und Sozialwissenschaften/The Military and Social Research, vol 56. Springer VS, Wiesbaden, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-40521-2_1.

    Kohli, Atul. 2020. 'Introduction', Imperialism and the Developing World: How Britain and the United States Shaped the Global Periphery. New York, Oxford Academic, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190069629.003.0001.

    Kubrak, Tina. 2020. Impact of Films: Changes in Young People’s Attitudes after Watching a Movie. Behav Sci (Basel). 2020 May 2; 10 (5): 86. PMID: 32370280; PMCID: PMC7288198. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs10050086.

    Lee, Benjamin. 2022. “Interceptor review – absurd yet entertaining Netflix action thriller.” The Guardian, June 3, 2022. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/jun/03/interceptor-review-netflix-action-thriller.

    Levy, Yagil. 2010. The Essence of the ‘Market Army’. Public Administration Review 70 (3): 378-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02152.x.

    Löfflmann, Georg. 2013. “Hollywood, the Pentagon, and the Cinematic Production of National Security.” Critical Studies on Security 1 (3): 280-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/21624887.2013.820015.

    Mantovani, Mauro, and Ralf Müllhaupt. 2021. “Analysing Armed Forces Transformation: Methodology and Visualisation.” Defense & Security Analysis 37 (3): 364–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2021.1959731.

    Martin, Rebecca. 2023. “Aiming to be the Top Gun: Military Recruitment, Propaganda, and Shaping the Image of War Through Popular Media.” Intersect: Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology, and Society 16 (2): 1-8.

    Melkonyan, Nvard. 2004. “Mass media as a core means for actualization of the political image.” 21st Century 4 (6): 95-110 (in Russian).

    Melkonyan, Nvard. 2015. “Manipulation technics in Armenian mass media and mechanisms of psychosocial influence.” 21st Century 5 (63): 53-74 (in Armenian).

    Nafisah, Nia. 2010. “Film Studies: An Introduction.” Accessed April 10, 2024. http://file.upi.edu/Direktori/FPBS/JUR._PEND._BAHASA_INGGRIS/197104242006042-NIA_NAFISAH/Makalah_dll/Film_Studies.pdf.

    Nickerson, Charlotte. 2024. Social Institutions in Sociology: Definition & Examples. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.simplypsychology.org/social-institution.html.

    Padilla, Peter A., and Mary Riege Laner. 2001. “Trends in military influences on army recruitment: 1915-1953.” Sociological Inquiry 71 (2001): 421-436.

    Peters, Jan Marie Lambert. 1961. Teaching about the film. MC.60/IV.23/A, UNESCO. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000043350.

    Reagan National Defense Survey. 2023. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan-institute/centers/peace-through-strength/reagan-national-defense-survey/.

    Robb, David L. 2004. Operation Hollywood: How the Pentagon Shapes and Censors the Movies. Amherst, N.Y. : Prometheus Books.

    Schiff, Rebecca L. 2008. The Military and Domestic Politics: A Concordance Theory of Civil-Military Relations (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203892305.

    Șerban, Mioara. 2024. “The role of military morale as an essential dimension of combat power.” Security and Defence Quarterly 47 (3): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/174832.

    Siebold, Guy L. 2001. “Core issues and theory in military sociology.” Journal of Political & Military Sociology 29 (1): 140-159.

    Sikov, Ed. 2010. Film Studies: An Introduction. Columbia University Press.

    Stentiford, Barry M. 2002. The American home guard: the state militia in the twentieth century. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

    Tal, Diana, and Avishag Gordon. 2016. “Jacques Ellul Revisited: 55 Years of Propaganda Study.” Society 53: 182-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-016-9994-7.

    Turner, Graeme. 2000. Film as Social Practice (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203461952.

    U.S. Army. 2022. “Army of 2030.” October 5, 2022. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.army.mil/article/260799/army_of_2030.

    U.S. Army. 2024. “The Army Values.” Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.army.mil/values/index.html.

    U.S. Department Of Defense. 2020. U.S. Army Ranger Handbook Revised and Updated. Skyhorse Publishing.

Geopolitics

  • Geopolitics

    Neoclassical Realism and Armenia’s International Orientation: An Attempt to Determine Patterns or Mechanisms of their Application?

    Dachi Korinteli
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    Abstract

    The article examines neoclassical realism and Armenia’s international orientation as one of the directions in the transformation of the theory of international relations of small states. In this article, neoclassical realism is analyzed from the point of view of subjective aspects of policy formation and the influence of domestic political features of a small state on its foreign policy. Taking into account that neoclassical realism is a completely independent development of neorealism with a complementary elemental level of analysis of international politics. In terms of content, neoclassical realism of Armenia clarifies such concepts as resilience, national security, balance of power, balancing policy and others. The neoclassical model of Armenia’s foreign policy as a small state allows us to study the conditions under which great powers and small states deviate from the policy of balancing. From this point of view, the article proposes to analyze international politics through the prism of a global rollback to state-centric politics. The article takes into account that globalization presents new challenges for small countries such as Armenia, which risks being marginalized as a result of the restructuring of both global and regional economic relations.

    References

    Alden, Chris, Amnon Aran, and Ana Cristina Alves. 2016. Foreign Policy Analysis: New approaches (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315442488.

    Grigoryan, Armen. 2021. The Armenian revolution: a mishandled opportunity. July 5, 2021. Accessed Fabruary 20, 2024. https://neweasterneurope.eu/2021/07/05/the-armenian-revolution-a-mishandled-opportunity/.

    Haindrava, Ivlian. 2022. Armenia at the crossroads: Expert Opinion 195. Tbilisi: Georgian Foundation For strategic and International Studies. Accessed Fabruary 20, 2024. https://gfsis.org.ge/files/library/opinion-papers/195-expert-opinion-eng.pdf.

    Iskandaryan, Alexander, Hrant mikaelian, and Sergey Minasyan. 2016. War, business and politics: Informal networks and formal InstItutIons in ArmenIa. Yerevan: Caucasus Institute. Accessed Fabruary 20, 2024. https://c-i.am/wp-content/uploads/Informal-networks_the-book.pdf.

    Khvorostiankina, Anna. 2018. “Europeanization Through EU External Agreements and the Issue of ‘Constitutional Identity’: The Case of the EU-Armenia CEPA”. Kyiv-Mohyla Law and Politics Journal 4 (December): 15-52. https://doi.org/10.18523/kmlpj153250.2018-4.15-52.

    Rose, Gideon. 1998. “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy.” World Politics 51 (1) (October): 144-177.

    Terzyan, Aram 2017. “The EU vs. Russia in the foreign policy discourse of Armenia: the fragility of normative power or the power of Russian coercion?.” Eastern Journal of European Studies 8: 185-203.

    Vasilyan, Syuzanna. 2020. “Moral Power” of the EU through its Regionalization Policy in the South Caucasus. In: 'Moral Power' of the European Union in the South Caucasus. Palgrave Macmillan, London, pp. 119-156. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60198-8_4.

  • Geopolitics

    Strategic prospects for using international experience of foreign investment in Armenia How effective is regulation of attracting investors for economic growth?

    Gohar G. Ghambaryan, Vardan Mkhitaryan , Anzhela Ayriyants
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    Abstract

    The article analyzes the strategic prospects for creating stable conditions for attracting additional volumes of foreign investment in the Armenian economy, which is due to the lack of own funds for sustainable social and economic development. The relevance of issues related to the role and place of foreign investment in Armenia, occurring due to the globalization of the world and regional economy, creating or limiting conditions for the movement of capital, has increased sharply in light of the sharp intensification of the policy of attracting foreign investment in the South Caucasus region. The practical experience of the transition period of the market economy of Armenia is summarized, as the country became more dependent on the level of regional and global integration. At this time, flows of foreign capital emerged not only in the form of government borrowings, but also in the form of diaspora transfers, assistance from international organizations, and the creation of joint ventures with Armenian entrepreneurs. Restrictions on obtaining high technologies, both in the form of goods and technical documentation, and in the form of direct investment, were gradually lifted.

    References

    Ferrarini, Benno, Marcelo M. Giugale, and Juan J. Pradelli. (eds.). 2022. The Sustainability of Asia’s Debt Problems, Policies, and Practices dited. Cheltenham, Northampton, MA, SA: Asian Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800883727.

    James Bernard Quilligan. 2002. The Brandt Equation: 21st Century Blueprint for the New Global Economy. Accessed April 20, 2024. http://www.brandt21forum.info/BrandtEquation-19Sept04.pdf.

    Khachatryan, Knar, and Aleksandr Grigoryan. 2024. “Multidimensional Deprivation from Labor Market Opportunities in Armenia: Evidence from 2018 and 2020.” Comparative Economic Studies 66: 126-165. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41294-023-00206-w.

    Kostyunina, Galina M. 2021. Foreign Direct Investments in the EAEU. In: The Economic Dimension of Eurasian Integration, edeted by Natalia A. Piskulova, 67-91. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59886-0_3.

    Lakshminarayanan, Radhika, and Tigran Yepremyan. 2023. “Armenia-India partnership: geopolitical and geo-economic implications in the Eurasian context.” Asia Europe Journal 21: 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-023-00665-x.

    Maltsevich, Natallia V., Ilya V. Maltsevich, and Tatiana V. Proharava. 2023. “Integration Initiatives and Trajectories of Innovative Development of the Financial Market.” In: Corporate Social Responsibility in Difficult Times. Approaches to Global Sustainability, Markets, and Governance, edited by David Crowther and Shahla Seifi, 79-96. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2591-9_5.

    Manukyan, Artak, and Arman Ktoyan. 2019. Investment environment of Armenia: legal framework and existing problems. Research. Yerevan: Konrad Adenauer Foundation (in Armenian).

    Misturai, Fernando, and Caroline Rouleti. 2019. “The determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: Do statutory restrictions matter?.” https://doi.org/10.1787/641507ce-en. Accessed April 20, 2024. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/finance-and-investment/the-determinants-of-foreign-direct-investment_641507ce-en.

    OECD. 2024a. OECD FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index. Accessed April 20, 2024. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?datasetcode=FDIINDEX#

    OECD. 2024b. Sustainable investment. Accessed April 20, 2024. https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/sub-issues/sustainable-investment.html.

    UNCTAD. 2019. Investment policy review. Armenia. United Nations conference on trade and development. United Nations. Geneva. Accessed April 20, 2024. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/diaepcb2019d3_en.pdf

    UNCTAD. 2021. World Investment report. Investing in sustainable recovery. United Nations con-ference on trade and development. United Nations. Geneva. Accessed April 20, 2024. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2021_en.pdf.

    USAID. 2022. Investment Reform Roadmap for Armenia. Armenia Business Enabling Environ¬ment Activity. Economic Development, Governance and Enterprise Growth Project. Accessed April 20, 2024. https://mineconomy.am/media/20003/Investment%20Reform%20Roadmap%20for%20Armenia.pdf,

    Wagner, Kilian. 2023. “Determining the Role of FDI Screening in International Investment Law.” In: Weaponising Investments, edited by Jens Hillebrand Pohl, Thomas Papadopoulos, Janosch Wiesenthal, and Joanna Warchol, 115-153. Springer Studies in Law & Geoeconomics, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/17280_2023_10.

    World Bank Group. 2015. Trade & Competitiveness: Investment policy and promotion of investments. Investment reform map: Analytical report for the Ministry of Economy, Accessed April 20, 2024 (in Armenian). https://mineconomy.am/media/7487/nerdrumayin_barepoxumneri_qartez.pdf.

    World Bank Group. 2024. Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$). Accessed April 20, 2024. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.CD.WD?locations=AM%20/%20https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS?locations=AM.

Sovietology

  • Sovietology

    Dimensions of the Shadow Reforms of Yuri Andropov’s Bureaucratic Management: Lessons from the Myths of the Totalitarian Leadership of the USSR

    Gevorg Harutyunyan
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    Abstract

    The article discusses the issue of bureaucratic leadership and economic reforms in the USSR during the administration of Yu. V. Andropov, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The article analyzes Andropov's consistent policy in the Soviet bureaucratic system and his uncompromising position in the fight against corruption. In this regard, the article emphasizes the years of his leadership, in which the reforms of the Soviet economy occupied a significant place, trying to inspire confidence in the Soviet society and citizens. However, the totalitarian regime of the USSR and the bureaucratic system simply blocked the package of measures proposed by the General Secretary.

    An analysis of the works examining the personality and party and state activities of Yu. V. Andropov allows us to conditionally distinguish two periods of the formation and development of the historiography of the problem. The first, personifying the Soviet era, ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The second covers the 1990s, as well as the beginning of this century. Within the framework of the first period, the activities of Yu. V. Andropov were covered in various works devoted to the problems of modern Soviet history. Against this background, the position of Western researchers turned out to be preferable. In the West, the steady growth of interest in Yu. V. Andropov on the part of Sovietologists was mainly due to his activities as Chairman of the KGB. At the same time, it cannot be denied that, as a rule, the noted works were distinguished by their tendentiousness and bore the imprint of the Cold War.

    References

    Bennett, Simon. 2022. “System Reliability: A Cold War Lesson.” In: Disruption, Ideation and Innovation for Defence and Security. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications, edited by Gitanjali Adlakha-Hutcheon, and Anthony Masys, 13-25. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06636-8_2.

    Brown, Archie. 1984. “The Soviet Succession: From Andropov to Chernenko.” The World Today 40 (4): 134-141.

    Burns, John M. 1983. The emergence of Yuri Andropov. New York Times. April 29, 2024. https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/06/books/the-emergence-of-yuri-andropov.html.

    deGraffenried, Julie. 2023. Religion and Politics in the USSR: The Cold War Era. In: The Palgrave Handbook of Religion and State Volume II: Global Perspectives, edited by Shannon Holzer, 91-123. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35609-4_6.

    Free Frank Warner. 2003. The Evil Empire speech: The full story of Reagan's historic address. April 29, 2024. https://frankwarner.typepad.com/free_frank_warner/2003/12/story_of_reagan.html.

    Galushko, Artem. 2021. Origins of Communist Politically Motivated Criminal Justice. In: Politically Motivated Justice. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague, pp 65-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-459-4_2.

    Herman, Victor. 1983. “In Stalin's Footsteps: Yuri Andropov—Rise of a Dictator.” Imprimis 12 (9) (September). Accessed April 29, 2024. https://imprimis.hillsdale.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Imprimis-Yuri-Andropov-Rise-of-a-Dictator-Sept-1983.pdf.

    International Institute for Strategic Studies. 1983. “Report by general secretary Yuri Andropov (excerpts) 21 December 1982: Taken from the Moscow home service version of 21 December 1982, translated by the BBC Monitoring Service. (SU/7215/C7–10).” Survival 25 (2): 87-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338308442090.

    Kramer, John M. 1977. “Political Corruption in the U. S. S. R.” The Western Political Quarterly 30 (2): 213-224. https://doi.org/10.2307/447406.

    Krausz, Tamás. 2023. System Change and Property Relations: On Perestroika’s Historical Experiences. In: State Socialism in Eastern Europe: History, Theory, Anti-capitalist Alternatives, edited by Eszter Bartha, Tamás Krausz, and Bálint Mezei, 155-182. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22504-8_6.

    Lomagin, Nikita, Irina Mironova, Maxim Titov, and Michael Oshchepkov. 2023. Coal in the Soviet Economy. In: Russian Coal in the Era of Climate Change. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, pp. 27-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5370-7_2.

    Manukyan, Armenak. 2022. “An Alternative to the Dissident Paradigm and Intersecting Civil Protests in Soviet Armenia: Equal But Different?” Journal of Political Science: Bulletin of Yerevan University 1 (3): 73-89. https://doi.org/10.46991/JOPS/2022.1.3.073.

    Marxists Internet Archive. 1982. Sixtieth Anniversary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. April 29, 2024. https://www.marxists.org/archive/andropov/1982/andropovanniversaryussr.pdf.

    Marxists Internet Archive. 1983a. “Reply to an American School Girl.” April 29, 2024. https://www.marxists.org/archive/andropov/1983/april-19.htm.

    Marxists Internet Archive. 1983b. “Statement at the Plenary Meeting of the CPSU Central Committee.” April 29, 2024. https://www.marxists.org/archive/andropov/1983/andropov-1.pdf.

    Marxists Internet Archive. 1983c. “Resolution of the USSR Supreme Soviet On the International Situation and the Foreign Policy of the Soviet State.” April 29, 2024. https://www.marxists.org/archive/andropov/1983/andropov-2.pdf.

    National Security Archive. 1981. KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov at the National Consultation Meetings of the Leadership and Members of the KGB, “On the Tasks of the KGB in Light of the Decisions of the 26th Congress of the CPSU,” May 25, 1981, Top Secret. April 29, 2024. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/17306-document-02-kgb-chairman-yuri-andropov.

    National Security Archive. 1983. KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov to General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev, "Report of the Work of the KGB in 1981," May 10, 1982, and Victor Chebrikov to General Secretary Yuri Andropov, "Report of the Work of the KGB in 1982," March 15, 1983. April 29, 2024. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/17307-document-04-kgb-chairman-yuri-andropov.

    O’Riordan, Elspeth. 2023. The Superpowers and the End of the Cold War. In: Understanding the Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 387-415. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06075-5_16.

    Olcott, Martha Brill. 1985. “Yuri Andropov and the ‘National Question.’” Soviet Studies 37 (1): 103-117.

    Razzakov, Fedor I. 2009. The Corruption in the Politburo: the case of "the red Uzbek" (Korruptsiia v Politbiuro : delo "krasnogo uzbeka"). Moscow: EKSMO Algoritm.

    Rothacher, Albrecht. 2021. From Alexander II to Gorbachev: The Economic History of Modern Russia. In: Putinomics. Springer, Cham, pp. 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74077-1_1.

    Sullivan, Charles J. 2022. The Politics of the Past and Present. In: Motherland. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, pp. 97-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3975-4_6.

Book Review

  • Book Review

    Schramm, Lucas. 2024. Crises of European Integration: Joining Together or Falling Apart? Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. XVII, 303 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54748-5.

    Vahram Petrosyan, Lusine Harutyunyan
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    Abstract

    The book analyses the main factors of European integration crises, taking into account eight major cases from the early 1950s to recent times. The author pays special attention to constitutional crises, the euro crisis and the migration crisis, thus showing that crises have been an integral part of the process of European integration from its very beginning. Although the book does not analyse the current confrontation between Russia and the West, the author argues that European integration began with a serious setback, when member states failed to implement plans to create a European army through the European Defence Community. The global scale and radicality of the ongoing changes allow many researchers to suggest the formation of a new system of international relations. In parallel with these processes, many provisions and phenomena characterizing the system of international relations itself are being revised.

    References

    Schramm, Lucas. 2024. Crises and European Integration. In: Crises of European Integration. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp.1-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54748-5_1.

    Schramm, Lucas. 2024. Outcomes of Crises of European Integration. In: Crises of European Integration. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 33-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54748-5_2.

    Schramm, Lucas. 2024. Pathways of Crisis Outcomes. In: Crises of European Integration. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 61-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54748-5_3.

    Schramm, Lucas. 2024. Stagnation. In: Crises of European Integration. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 91-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54748-5_4.

    Schramm, Lucas. 2024. Adaptation. In: Crises of European Integration. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 131-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54748-5_5.

    Schramm, Lucas. 2024. Transformation. In: Crises of European Integration. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 165-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54748-5_6.

    Schramm, Lucas. 2024. Regression. In: Crises of European Integration. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 205-241. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54748-5_7.

    Schramm, Lucas. 2024. Evaluation and Conclusions. In: Crises of European Integration. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 243-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54748-5_8.

  • Book Review

    The War Against Ukraine and the EU: Facing New Realities, edited by Claudia Wiesner and Michèle Knodt. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. XIII, 230 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5.

    Manya Mkrtchyan
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    Abstract

    This book discusses the multiple implications of the war against Ukraine for the EU political system. It draws on a number of different authors to analyse the main dimensions of the Russian attack on Ukraine and the subsequent large-scale war, which impact the global order and EU foreign policy. In the context of war and Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine, the EU needs to position itself in a changing world order, internal and external challenges to liberal democracy and the development of its strategic autonomy. In various chapters of the book, the development and strengthening of strategic partnership and friendship with Ukraine is considered by the EU as one of the central foreign policy priorities. Without the support of the Ukrainian partner, it is difficult for the EU to achieve positive results in European politics and play the role of an influential power in the international arena. In this context, various authors note that only the formation of political and economic ties between the EU and Ukraine will be the optimal way out of the full-scale war and crisis that Ukraine has found itself in. Only the combination of opportunities and efforts will allow the Ukrainian political elite and society to eventually stand on par with leading European countries.

    References

    Chaban, Natalia, and Svitlana Zhabotynska. 2024. “Narratives of Ukraine on the Information Battlefields of Global Media.” In: The War Against Ukraine and the EU, edited by Claudia Wiesner, and Michèle Knodt, 207-230. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_10.

    Costa, Oriol, and Carme Martínez Blanc. 2024. “Back to the Roots? The War in Ukraine and Grand Theories in International Relations.” In: The War Against Ukraine and the EU, edited by Claudia Wiesner, and Michèle Knodt, 23-43. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham,. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_2.

    Gawrich, Andrea, and Doris Wydra. 2024. “Conditions and Contestation: Ukraine on Its Way to EU-Membership.” In: The War Against Ukraine and the EU, edited by Claudia Wiesner, and Michèle Knodt, 161-188. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_8.

    Jørgensen, Knud Erik. 2024. “War and Peace in European Studies: a Zeitenwende?.” In: The War Against Ukraine and the EU, edited by Claudia Wiesner, and Michèle Knodt, 45-62. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_3.

    Knodt, Michèle, and Claudia Wiesner. 2024. “Introduction. The War Against Ukraine: The EU Facing New Realities. ” In: The War Against Ukraine and the EU, edited by Claudia Wiesner, and Michèle Knodt, 1-21. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham,. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_1.

    Knodt, Michèle, Marc Ringel, and Nils Bruch. 2024. “Secure and Sustainable? Unveiling the Impact of the Russian War on EU Energy Governance.” In: The War Against Ukraine and the EU, edited by Claudia Wiesner, and Michèle Knodt, 133-159. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_7.

    Müller, Patrick, and Peter Slominski. 2024. “Hungary, the EU and Russia’s War Against Ukraine: The Changing Dynamics of EU Foreign Policymaking.” In: The War Against Ukraine and the EU, edited by Claudia Wiesner, and Michèle Knodt, 111-131. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_6.

    Smith, Michael. 2024. “Re-ordering the EU and Europe: Old Boundaries and New Challenges.” In: The War Against Ukraine and the EU, edited by Claudia Wiesner, and Michèle Knodt, 63-82. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_4.

    Wiesner, Claudia. 2024. “The War Against Ukraine, the Changing World Order and the Conflict Between Democracy and Autocracy.” In: The War Against Ukraine and the EU, edited by Claudia Wiesner, and Michèle Knodt, 83-109. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_5.

    Zarembo, Kateryna. 2024. “Still Normative Power Europe? The Perception of the EU in Ukraine Amidst the Russian War of Aggression.” In: The War Against Ukraine and the EU, edited by Claudia Wiesner, and Michèle Knodt, 189-206. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_9.

  • Book Review

    Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance: Studies on Transformation and Development in the OSCE Region, edited Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon. Springer Cham. XVII, 427 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2

    Nane Aleksanyan
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    Abstract

    This book examines the dynamics of national and regional security in the age of Zeitenwende amid polarization and conflict management. Through a comparative analysis, the authors reveal the intricate problems of border dynamics and practice in cases of border disputes and conflicts in the member states of the OSCE. The authors offer their approaches on how to peacefully settle the disputed borders, which can be supported by the EU, the NATO and the OSCE. It can be of significant help in preventing security crises and conflicts. In this regard, a number of solutions that can affect the Russian-Ukraine war and the settlement of Russia-Ukraine relations are highlighted. From the author’s approach, it becomes clear that various European countries and international organizations should play an active role in the settlement of the Ukrainian crisis and the strengthening of European security.

    References

    Abeytia, Anisa, Esther Brito, and John Sunday Ojo. 2024. “Migration Policies in the OSCE Region.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 3-19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_1.

    Ambrosetti, Eleonora Tafuro. 2024. “Tarafsız: Turkey’s Impartial Stance Vis-a-Vis Russia’s War Against Ukraine.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 367-382. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_22.

    Bruno, Valerio Alfonso, and Federica Fazio. 2024. “Italian Governments and Political Parties Vis-a-Vis the War in Ukraine.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 265-283. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_16.

    Cupać, Jelena. 2024. “OSCE’s Resilience in Times of War.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 397-407. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_24.

    Đuković, Mirko. 2024. “Backsliding Rule of Law and “Stabilitocracy” in Montenegro.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 213-228. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_12.

    Dyduch, Joanna, and Magdalena Góra. 2024. “Polish Reactions to Russian Aggression Against Ukraine.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 301-319. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_18.

    Dzebisashvili, Shalva. 2024. “The Dilemma of Good Governance Versus Power Grab in Georgia.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 177-193. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_10.

    Isakova, Alina. 2024. “Early Warning Models in the OSCE: Adoption and Re-invention.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 21-42. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_2.

    Kapp, Caroline L., and Liana Fix. 2024. “German, French, and Polish Perspectives on the War in Ukraine.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 321-333. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_19.

    Kostakos, Georgios. 2024. “The United Nations and the Russian-Ukrainian War.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 383-395. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_23.

    Kulesza, Joanna. 2024. “Human Rights and Social Media: Challenges and Opportunities for Human Rights Education.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 139-154. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_8.

    Kurmanov, Bakhytzhan. 2024. “Digital Citizen Activism in Central Asia: Beyond Contestation and Cooperation.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 155-175. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_9.

    Lamçe, Eni. 2024. “OSCE Securitization and De-securitization-The Kosovo-Serbia Dialogue.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 229-245. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_13.

    Manoli, Panagiota. 2024. “Greece’s Response to Russia’s War on Ukraine.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 349-365. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_21.

    Mihr, Anja, and Chiara Pierobon. 2024. “Introduction to the Special Section.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 249-251. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_14.

    Mihr, Anja. 2024. “Transitional Justice in Ukraine.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 409-427. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_25.

    Miljojkovic, Teodora. 2024. “Vetting as a Tool for Strengthening Judicial Integrity in the OSCE Region.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 99-118. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_6.

    Nakashidze, Malkhaz. 2024. “Transformations of Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine Towards EU Membership.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 195-212. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_11.

    Pierobon, Chiara. 2024. “Shaping German Feminist Foreign Policy in Times of Conflict in Ukraine.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 285-300. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_17.

    Reznichuk, Maryna. 2024. “Ukraine’s European Integration in the Context of Russian Aggression.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 253-263. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_15.

    Sapeha, Halina, Kasra Ghorbaninejad, Ari Finnsson, Benjamin Perrier, and Emmanuel Brunet-Jailly. 2024. “Patterns of Border Disputes Amongst OSCE Countries.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 59-77. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_4.

    Toktogazieva, Saniia. 2024. “Human Rights Adjudication in Central Asia.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 119-137. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_7.

    Veebel, Viljar, and Illimar Ploom. 2024. “Estonian Fears, Hopes, and Efforts–Russian War Against Ukraine.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 335-348. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_20.

    Yalcin-Ispir, Aybike. 2024. “NATO and EU Strategic Security Environment.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 43-57. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_3.

    Zanatta, Leonardo, and Marco Alvi. 2024. “Assessing Water (Ir)Rationality in Nagorno-Karabakh.” In: Polarization, Shifting Borders and Liquid Governance, edited by Anja Mihr, and Chiara Pierobon, 79-97. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44584-2_5.