Vol. 13 No. 3 (39) (2022)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:G/2022.13.3
Published: 2022-12-27

Full Issue

Management

  • Management

    Post-War Armenia: Crisis of Confidence and Role of Social Capital in this Context

    Amalya Saribekyan
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    Abstract

    New approaches and non-standard solutions have become a necessity in this rather complicated modern post-war period of the country. The article points out how to overcome the problems that have arisen in the country and achieve a new qualitative level of the development. This study is noteworthy for its interconnected observation and systematic approach to existing problems and their solutions in the social-economic and moral-psychological spheres. The article focuses on the cause-and-effect manifestations of the crisis of confidence created in post-war Armenia and the issues to overcome it. In this context social capital is viewed as a starting point for overcoming the post-war situation in Armenia.

    Admitting that it is not easy to create such conditions to achieve consolidation and harmonious cooperation, so that the synergistic effect of social capital is fully manifested and provides a breakthrough in the political, moral-psychological, socio-economic crisis situation, however, as evidenced by the experience of many succeeded countries, this is possible.

    Here, both the role of the society as a guarantee of overcoming the atmosphere of mistrust and polarization in the country, and the role of the state as a guarantor of overcoming the crisis of trust and the country's withdrawal from the current situation are very important.

    This approach, via mutual trust and consolidation, will provide us with the opportunity to achieve the mobilization and effective implementation of our national potential, as well as to increase the country's viability as quickly as it is possible.

    References

    ՀՀ սոցիալ-տնտեսական վիճակը 2022 թ. օգոստոսին, 05.10.2022: Իրական հատ¬ված, Շինարարություն, էջ 19, Առևտուր և ծառայություններ, էջ 28, Արտաքին հատ¬ված. արտահանում և ներմուծում

    ՀՀ ԿԲ, Գնաճի հաշվետվություն, 2022 թ. 1-ին եռամսյակ. մակրո¬տնտե¬սա¬կան ակտիվություն

    Զ. Դիլանյան, Թշնամին արդեն երկրի կեսն է ուզում. այս պայմաններում ի՞նչ տնտեսական աճի մասին է խոսքը

    Global Competitiveness Report, Spesial Edition, IMF, World Economic Forum, 2020, How Coun-tries are Performing on the Road to Recovery, Appenix A – Transformation Readiness Framework: Methodology and Definitions

    Global Competitiveness Report, Annual Report, IMF, World Economic Forum, 2020-2021, Com-mitted to Improving the State of the World

    Ա. Սարիբեկյան, Հասարակական-տնտեսական զարգացման արդի խնդիր¬նե¬րը, Եր., 2012

    Фукуяма Ф. Сильное государство: управление и мировой порядок в XXI веке. М., АСТ Хранитель, 2006

    Aghion, Algan, Cahuc and Shleifer, Journal of Institutional Studies, part 4, № 2, 2012

    Меняшева Р.Ш. и Полищук Л.И., Экономика недоверия: роль социального капитала в России, СПб., 2012,

    Калюжнова Н. Я., Экономика недоверия: роль социального капитала в России, Journal of Institutional Studies, том 4, № 2, 2012

    Ա. Մարկոսյան, Վ. Խաչատուրյան, Է. Մաթևոսյան, Ժամանակակից պետու¬թ-յան տնտեսագիտություն. Տնտեսության պետական կարգավորման գործիքակազմը, Եր., Անտարես, 2020

  • Management

    Issues of University Business Incubators Assessment

    Nonna Khachatryan
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    Abstract

    Business incubators, being centers for the generation and maturation of innovative ideas, have different statuses, being state, public, private and university. University business incubators are especially popular in international practice, as by virtue of tradition, universities are the locomotive of research. However, by involving significant financial and human resources, university incubators do not always live up to the expectations of the beneficiaries of their activities, as the generated innovative ideas remain inside the incubators, are not materialized, and find it difficult to find their practical application. In this regard, it is possible to consider the effectiveness of the activities of university incubators in the context of the business ecosystem, which reveals the weak incubation chains of innovative ideas. In this regard, the article proposes a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the activities of university business incubators based on the expectations of the beneficiaries and their actual achievements. The proposed approach to evaluating the effectiveness of university business incubators makes it possible to analyze not only the actual degree of fulfillment of the beneficiaries' expectations, but also to observe the nature of business incubators' activities in the context of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. With such an approach to performance evaluation, it becomes possible to regularly expand and monitor both the circle of business incubators' beneficiaries and the qualitative composition of their objectives, which results from the requirements of dynamic change of the entrepreneurial environment.

    References

    Бизнес-инкубаторы для устойчивого развития в субрегионе СПЕКА, ООН, Женева, 2021

    Global entrepreneurship monitor: Armenia National Report, 2019/2020

    Седаков Д. М. Государственное финансирование бизнес инкубаторов в России // Интернет журнал «Наукаведение», выпуск 2, март 2014

    Чепьюк О. Р. Студенческий бизнес-инкубатор как часть инновационной системы университета

    Касен Г. А. Студенческий бизнес-инкубатор как научно-интеллектуальное поле формирования специалистов-исследователей

    Габсатарова И. Д. Организация студенческих бизнес инкубаторов

    Студенческий бизнес-инкубатор – среда для создания инновационных продуктов и технологий

    Ա. Ճուղուրյան, Ն. Խաչատրյան, Ունակությունների հենքով համալսա¬րա¬նա¬կան կրթության ապագան // Այլընտրանք գիտական հանդես, 2020, № 3

    Разработка стратегии университетских бизнес-инкубаторов

    Ն. Խաչատրյան, Ուսանողակենտրոն ուսուցման առավելությունները // Հա¬յաս-տան, էկոնոմիկա, № 3, 2009

  • Management

    The Opportunities for Expanding the Production of Food and Fodder Grain in the Context of Food Security of the Republic of Armenia

    Vardan Aleksanyan, Davit Hovhannisyan , Alvard Matinyan , Abraham Ghukasyan
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    Abstract

    The production of grain has strategic importance from the point of view of ensuring the food security and national security of the Republic of Armenia, therefore, the problems of its production have always been in the center of attention of state.

    The article analyzes the development trends of animal husbandry in 2005–2021 which provides more than 50% of the gross agricultural output of the RA, the state of feed production, the predominance of combined feed in the feed ration and the issues of formation of a grain-oriented animal husbandry management system.

    Agriculture is facing two important problems: to expand its own production of food and fodder grain. In this dilemma, food grain should have priority, as only 10% of the total demand is used as intended. However, should not be ignored the need to expand fodder grain production, as it is an important factor in the production of livestock products.

    The article suggests to revise the provisions of the agrarian policy and to develop a set of tools through which it would be possible to promote the production of grain. In particular, it was suggested to establish a mandatory state order for grain for agricultural farms, as well as to review direct subsidy structures to protect producers from price fluctuations and ensure their stable incomes.

    References

    Алтухов А. И. Зерновое хозяйства РФ: Современные тенденции развития / Ульяновск: УлГТУ, 2008

    Сидоренко О. В․ Экономическое обоснование зонального размешения произ-водства зерновых культур в зависимости от природно-климатических условий региона // Вестник аграрной науки, 2018, №1(70)

    Алтухов А. И. Стратегия развития зернопродуктового подкомплекса – основа разработки схемы размешения и специализации зернового производства в стране // Вестник КГСУ, №5, 2018

    Лазаревич И., Кохнович И. Зарубежный опыт функционирования централи¬зо-ванных фондов продо¬вольствия//Аграрная экономика, 1/2022

    Труфанова С. В. Формирование и использование резервных фондов зерна в сис¬теме государственного регулирования зернового рынка // Известия Байкальского госуни-верситета: 2007, №5 (55)

    Цвырко А. А. Обоснование форморования и использования страхового фонда про¬довольственного зерна Орловской области // Вестник ФГОУ ВПО МГАУ, №7, 2009

    Широков С. Н., Трушкина И. Р. Подходы к оценке обьемов производства и потребности в зерне и обеспечение продовольственной безопасности государства // Международный сельскохозяйственный журнал, 2021, том 64, № 4 (382)

    Պարենային ապահովություն և աղքատություն, 2008 թ.

    Պարենային ապահովություն և աղքատություն, 2012 թ.

    Պարենային ապահովություն և աղքատություն, 2015 թ.

    ՀՀ սոցիալ–տնտեսական վիճակը, 2021թ. հունվար–դեկտեմբեր

    Պարենային ապահովություն: ՀՀ ազգային պարենային հաշվեկշիռներն ըստ պարենային ապրանքատեսակների, ցուցանիշների և տարիների

    Ս. Ս. Ավետիսյան, ՀՀ պարենային անվտանգության հրատապ խնդիրներ, Եր., Տնտեսագետ, 2014

Finance

  • Finance

    Problems of Assessment of Social and Economic Efficiency of Taxation in the RA

    Meri Panosyan
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    Abstract

    The article examines the tax/GDP ratio characterizing the efficiency of taxation, the percentage ratio of direct and indirect taxes in the RA, and the influence of the volume of shadow circulation from the point of view of the efficiency of taxation. As a result of the analysis, it became clear that although the efficiency of VAT flow management in Armenia is high, the diversification of tax levy and the inflow of differentiated tax revenues are low, the tax burden is mainly aimed at consumption, which, affecting the level of purchasing power, also affects on the elasticity of demand caused by the price of the product, along with the high tax burden, the quality of life of the population is low, and there is also a causal relationship between the behavior of taxpayers and the volume of shadow turnover. The main reason for these problems is the social and economic imbalance of the tax potential of the economy.

     Estimating the level of taxation efficiency using the above mentioned methods is quite complicated and ambiguous, because the calculation of these indicators requires a justified combination and consistent protection of the interests of all social groups, justification of the fairness of the uneven distribution of the tax burden in branch spheres, and the formation of law-abiding behavior of taxpayers by reducing the volume of shadow circulation. Nevertheless, the level of taxation efficiency will increase if the state can balance the demand for its financial means and the solvency of taxpayers, taking into account their standard of living and social belonging․

    References

    ՀՀ 2021 թ. պետական բյուջեի կատարման վերլուծություն, 2021

    OECD, Consumption tax trends 2020, VAT/GST and Excise Rates, Trends and Policy Issues

    Հ. Սարգսյան, Հ. Մարգարյան, Տնտեսագիտության տեսություն, Եր., 2017

    E. Ahmed, J. Rosser, M. Rosser, Income inequality and the informal economy in transition econ-omies // Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 28, № 1, 2000,

    Գ. Կիրակոսյան, Տ. Հարությունյան, Հարկային բեռի արդարացի բաշխման և վարչարարության բարելավման հիմնախնդիրները ՀՀ-ում, Եր., ՀՀ ԳԱԱ «Գիտութ-յուն» հրատարակչություն, 2014

    Մարդու իրավունքների համընդհանուր հռչակագիր, ընդունված և հռչակ¬ված Ընդհանուր վեհաժողովի 1948 թ. դեկտեմբերի 10-ի 217 A (III) բանաձևով, հոդված 7

Economic and mathematical modeling

  • Economic and mathematical modeling

    Extension of Lotka – Volterra Model as a Means for Economic Policy Adjustment Caused by Conflict

    Aram Arakelyan , Leon Makaryan
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    Abstract

    Current paper is devoted to the study of the extension of Lotka-Volterra model as a means for the adjustment of countries economic policies acting in the region of their interests. As the model we are considering a system of differential equations. The study of output dynamics based on ordinary differential equation is of great interest in nonlinear systems. The research implemented recently showed a possibility to apply Lotka-Volterra equation in economics, population dynamics, output dynamics, for the estimation of economic cost of the conflict economic. Recently the generalization of the Lotka-Volterra model studied two interactions which captured by the terms presenting outputs.  The equilibrium points and conditions of the stability of Lotka-Volterra model are determined. The general solution of the system of ordinary differential equations is given.

    Being interested in the study of the application for real world an example of the simulation of Lotka-Volterra model for five countries is given. The cooperative game is considered between acting countries. Through the Shapley vector of the cooperative game the constant coefficients assessing interactions between countries are determined. The effect of countries on the rate of GDP change is analyzing and is comparing with other countries.

    References

    Devireddy L. Extending the Lotka-Volterra Equations, (2016)

    Abadi,, D. Savitri,, and Ch. Ummah, (2013): Stability analysis of Lotka-Volterra model with Holling type II functional response, Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Vol I, Issue V

    Palomba G. (2008) Lotka-Volterra Equations, Rendiconti Lincei - Scienze Fisiche e Natu-rali 19,(4)

    Solomon, S. (2000), Generalized Lotka-Volterra (GLV) models of stock markets. Appl. Simul. Soc. Sci., 3,

    Modis, T. (1999), Technological Forecasting at the Stock Market, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang., 62,

    Liu, H.C. (2020) When one stock share is a biological individual: A stylized simulation of the population dynamics in an order-driven market.Rivista di Matematica per le Scienze Economiche e Sociali , 43(2–3).

    Ganguly, S., Neogi, U.; Chakrabarti, A.S.; Chakraborti, A. (2017):Reaction-Diffusion Equations with Applications to Economic Systems. In Econophysics and Sociophysics: Recent Progress and Future Directions; Springer: Cham, Switzerland,

    Wei, T.; Li, Y.; Song, C. (2013) The Competition Model of High-Tech Industry Clusters with Limited Innovation Resources on Lotka-Volterra Model. In 2013 International Conference on Information System and Engineering Management; IEEE: Washington

    Guidolin, M.; Guseo, R.; Mortarino, C. (2019) Regular and promotional sales in new prod-uct life cycles: Competition and forecasting. Comput. Ind. Eng., 130

    Kaszkurewicz, E.; Bhaya, A. (2018,)Modeling market share dynamics under advertising effort and word-of-mouth interactions between customers. IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst., 5

    Wang, Z.; Zhu, H. (2016) Testing the trade relationships between China, Singapore, Ma-laysia and Thailand using Grey Lotka-Volterra competition model. Kybernetes, 45

    Nam, T. (2006), The broken promises of democracy: Protest-repression dynamics in Korea 1990–1991. Mobilization 11

    Marasco, A., Romano, A. (2018) Deterministic modeling in scenario forecasting: Estimat-ing the effects of two public policies on intergenerational conflict. Qual. Quant., 52

    Diehl, Paul F, Nils P. Gleditsch, eds, (2001) Environmental Conflict

    Goldstone, J, E Kaufmann and M Toft (2013), Political Demography: How Population Changes are Reshaping International Security and National Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 20 March, pp.183

    Melander E., Öberg M. (2004), Forced Migration: The Effects of the Magnitude and Scope of Fighting Uppsala Peace Research Papers No. 8 , Department of Peace and Conflict Research

    Acemoglu D., Fergusson L., (2020): Population and Conflict. Review of Economic Stud-ies 87

    Puliafito S.E., Grand M.C., Modeling population dynamics and economic growth as com-peting species:An application to CO2 global emissions

    Thuku G.K.,Paul G. and Almadi O. (2013)The impact of population chande on economic growth in Kenya, International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 6

    Kitov I.O. (2006,) GDP growth rate and population, 2006, p.60 https://www. re-searchgate.net/publication/5127548_GDP_Growth_Rate_and_Population

    Ditzen J․Cross Country Convergence in a General Lotka-Volterra Model, (2017):Journal of Special Economic Analysis. Centre for Energy Economics Research and Policy (CEERP) and Spatial Economics and Econometrics Centre (SEEC), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK

    Devireddy L. Extending the Lotka-Volterra Equations, (2016):

    Marasco A., Picucci A, Romano A. (2016) Market share dynamics using Lotka–Volterra models, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Volume 105

    Arakelyan A., Makaryan L. (2021): Model of territorial conflict and international military coopera-tion, Journal oof Yerevan University, Economics, N3(36)

    Shapley L.S. (1988), A value for n-person games/ in: The Shapley value, Essays in honor, of Lloyd S. Shapley, Edited by Alvin E. Roth/Published by the Press Syndicate of the University of Cam-bridge

  • Economic and mathematical modeling

    Computer Vision Applications for Smart Cities Using Remote Sensing Data: REVIEW

    Lilit Yolyan
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    Abstract

    With the rapidly growing urbanization level overpopulation became one of the main challenges for the municipalities, country economics, and governmental management.  Many issues concerning waste management, city resource planning, air pollution, traffic and transportation overload and population health issues challenge existing infrastructures. Smart city aims to improve people's lifestyle, create more sustainable environments and make it easier to manage all these processes by municipalities and governments. The application of AI and computer vision techniques can solve smart city problems (surveillance, area coverage, land usage and land coverage, damage monitoring, fire detection, etc.) that weren't possible or easy to do a few years ago.

    Here, we are reviewing deep learning and computer vision applications for smart cities using remote sensing data. Moreover, we present 2 types of data sources for creating datasets to solve smart city problems for cities in Armenia. The first type is potential data sources that can be collected through the efforts of the municipality, the second type is open-source data ready to be used for the solutions below.

    First, historical data from 3 different satellites were used to calculate available open-source data that can be used to apply deep learning algorithms. Next, for each type of data and each smart city task, the most convenient deep learning methods were found and described. All techniques were summarized in Table 1.

    References

    World Urbanization Prospects The 2018 Revision,

    Chourabi, H., Nam, T., Walker, S., Gil-Garcia, J. R., Mellouli, S., Nahon, K., Pardo, T. A., & Scholl, H. J. (2012). Understanding smart cities: An integrative framework. In Proceedings of the 45th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, HICSS-45

    Paskaleva K. A. (2009), Enabling the Smart City: The Progress of City E-Governance in Europe. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development․

    Harrison, C., Eckman, B., Hamilton, R., Hartswick, P., Kalagnanam, J., Paraszczak, J., & Williams, P. (2010). Foundations for Smarter Cities. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 54(4).

    Toppeta, D. (2010). The Smart City Vision: How Innovation and ICT Can Build Smart, “Livable”, Sustainable Cities. The Innovation Knowledge Foundation.

    Sánchez-Corcuera R, Nuñez-Marcos A, Sesma-Solance J, et al.(2009) Smart cities survey: Technologies, application domains and challenges for the cities of the future. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks.

    Al-Hader M, Rodzi A, Sharif AR, et al. (2009) Smart city components architecture. In: International conference on computational intelligence, modeling and simulation, pp.93–97. New York: IEEE.

    Jing, Changfeng & Du, Mingyi & Li, Songnian & Liu, Siyuan. (2019). Geospatial Dash-boards for Monitoring Smart City Performance. Sustainability.

    Nigam N. and Kroo I., (2008) , Persistent Surveillance Using Multiple Unmanned Air Ve-hicles," IEEE Aerospace Conference.

    Bagula A., Tuyishimire E., Wadepoel J., Boudriga N. and Rekhis S., (2016), Internet-of-Things in Motion: A Cooperative Data Muling Model for Public Safety, Intl IEEE Conferences on Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced and Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing and Communications, Cloud and Big Data Computing, Internet of People, and Smart World Congress, pp. 17-24.

    Li D., Shan J., Shao Zh., Zhou X. and Yao Y. (2013) Geomatics for Smart Cities - Con-cept, Key Techniques,and Applications, Geo-spatial Information Science.

    Nikitas A.; Michalakopoulou K.; Njoya E.T.; Karampatzakis D. (2020) Artificial Intelli-gence, Transport and the Smart City: Definitions and Dimensions of a New Mobility Era. Sustaina-bility.

    Campbell J. B. and Wynne R. H., (2011) Introduction to Remote Sensing. Fifth Edition

    Luckey, Daniel & Fritz, Henrieke & Legatiuk, Dmitrii & Dragos, Kosmas & Smarsly, Kay. (2020). Artificial intelligence techniques for smart city applications.

    Cugurullo, Federico, (2020), Urban Artificial Intelligence: From Automation to Autonomy in the Smart City. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities.

    Ismail A, Bagula BA, Tuyishimire E., (2018), Internet-Of-Things in Motion: A UAV Coalition Model for Remote Sensing in Smart Cities. Sensors (Basel).

    Ershad F., Shervan. (2019). Computer Vision in Smart City.

    Ma L, Liu Y., Zhang X, Ye Y., Yin G., and Johnson, B.,(2019). Deep learning in remote sensing applications: A meta-analysis and review. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.

    Dixit M., Srimathi C., Doss R., Loke S., Saleemdurai, M.A.. (2020). Smart Parking with Computer Vision and IoT Technology

    Chunyu Y., Zhibin M., Xi Zh., (2013).A Real-time Video Fire Flame and Smoke Detection Algo-rithm, Procedia Engineering.

  • Economic and mathematical modeling

    Current Trends of Income Inequality and Poverty

    Ani Galstyan , Alvard Kharatyan
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    Abstract

    Income inequality has grown over the past few decades, both between countries and within countries. Moreover, new manifestations and new indicators of inequality have emerged. In particular, The Great Gatsby Curve describes the inverse relationship between income inequality and intergenerational flexibility. Currently, climate change and technological transformations are among the major factors of income inequality and poverty trends.

    The article analyzes the current trends of income inequality and poverty in the world, the dynamics of income inequality in Armenia. The factors influencing the poverty level and income inequality in Armenia were assessed through an empirical (econometric) study. The results of the regression analysis show that the increase in GDP and remittances from abroad contributes to the reduction of poverty and income inequality. According to the Logit model, the increase in the level of education of the head of the household, the increase in remittances from abroad, the increase in the average monthly expenditure of the household contribute to overcoming the poverty status of the household. The likelihood of being poor increases if a family leaves the benefit system for poor families, moves from urban to rural areas or one more family member is added.

    References

    Արմեն Եղիազարյան, Հայաստանում տնտեսական ճգնաժամերի համեմատական վերլուծությունը, Եր․, 2020

    Հայաստանի սոցիալական պատկերը և աղքատությունը-2021: ՀՀ վիճակագրական կոմիտե, Եր., 2021

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Digital economy

  • Digital economy

    Digital Transformation Development Trends in Armenia

    Varsеnik Sargsyan, Ruben Gevorgyan, Karine Avetisyan, Karine Minasyan
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    Abstract

    The development of high technologies has a decisive role in increasing the competitiveness, security and living standards of the state. The aim of the research is to reveal the development trends of digital technologies in Armenia, in particular, how widespread digital tools are, how much they have changed over time, what technical problems arise when using digital tools, which platforms are more effective for the economy: online or offline. In recent years, all the countries of the world have introduced the principle of e-governance to one degree or another in the field of public administration, the purpose of which is to increase the efficiency of processes through the use of digital technologies, particularly by minimizing the physical contacts of civil servants and citizens. It is obvious that these processes are not only technological in nature and are conditioned by the degree of development of digital technologies in this or that country, but also by the possibilities of new regulations for improving economic relations and even changing business habits and people’s behavior. Digital technologies have greatly influenced the world economy, expanding the information base, reducing the costs of information collection, contributing to the formation and progress of electronic commerce, reflecting on the life, activities, thinking, customs, communication of the society, promoting the innovative development of the economy.

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