Vol. 11 No. 2(27) (2025): Bulletin of Yerevan University. Russian Philology

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/
Published: 2026-05-30

Full Issue

Literary criticism

  • Literary criticism

    From Decadent Aestheticism to Religious-Mystical Dialectics: The Axiology of Early Russian Symbolism

    Edgar Arshakyan
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    Abstract

    The article examines the specificity of the artistic development of the motif of good and evil in the poetry of early Russian Symbolism. It analyzes the main axiological models characteristic of the “decadent” (“diabolical”) stage of Symbolism, associated with the aestheticization and relativization of ethical categories, as well as the subsequent tendency toward their religious and mystical reinterpretation. The research material comprises poetic texts by V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, F. Sologub, N. Minsky, Z. Gippius, and A. Blok. The analysis draws on the most representative texts, which, on the one hand, make it possible to trace the main directions of the artistic interpretation of the problem of good and evil in early Russian Symbolism, and, on the other hand, reveal the specificity of each poet’s individual artistic world. The focus is on the dynamics of the transition from aesthetically motivated ambivalence of values to attempts at their dialectical overcoming within the framework of religious-philosophical models of synthesis. The material under study is interpreted in the context of Symbolist aesthetics oriented toward the rethinking of traditional Christian axiology and the formation of alternative models of value thinking characteristic of the poetic culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Special attention is paid to the functioning of stable image-motif structures associated with the figures of God and the Devil. As a result of the analysis, both general tendencies and individual authorial strategies of artistic representation of the motif of good and evil in early Russian Symbolism are identified.

    References

    ИСТОЧНИКИ

    Андрей Белый. Начало века. Воспоминания. В 3-х кн. Кн. 2. М.: Художественная литература, 1990.

    Бальмонт К.Д. Поэзия ужаса. В кн.: Бальмонт К.Д. Горные вершины. Сборник статей. М. Гриф, 1904, сс.1-10.

    Бальмонт К.Д. Избранное. Стихотворения. Переводы. Статьи. Москва: Правда, 1991.

    Блок А.А. Записные книжки. Москва: Художественная литература, 1965.

    Блок А.А. Дневник. Москва: Советская Россия, 1989.

    Блок А.А. Полное собрание сочинений и писем в 20 томах. Т.1. Стихотворения. Книга первая. 1898-1904. Москва: Наука, 1997.

    Брюсов В.Я. Собрание сочинений в 7 томах. Т.1. Стихотворения. Поэмы. 1892-1909. Москва: Художественная литература, 1973.

    Брюсов В.Я. О искусстве. В кн.: Брюсов В.Я. Собрание сочинений в 7 томах. Т.6. Статьи и рецензии. 1893-1924. Из книги «Далекие и близкие». Miscellanea. Москва: Художественная литература, 1975, сс.43-54.

    Гиппиус З.Н. Стихотворения. Санкт- Петербург: Академический проект, 1999.

    Перцов П.П. Ранний Блок. Москва: Костры, 1922.

    Ранние символисты: Н. Минский, А. Добролюбов. Стихотворения и поэмы. Санкт-Петербург: Академический проект, 2005

    Сологуб Ф.К. Полное собрание стихотворений и поэм в 3 томах. Санкт-Петербург: Наука, 2012–2020.

    СПИСОК НАУЧНОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

    Гаспаров, М.Л., 2001. Русский стих начала XX века в комментариях. Москва: Фортуна Лимитед.

    Гофман, В.А., 1937. Язык символистов. В кн.: П.И. Лебедев-Полянский, ред. Литературное наследство. Т.27-28. Москва: Гослитиздат, сс.54-105.

    Жирмунский, В.М., 1977. Преодолевшие символизм. В кн.: Жирмунский В.М. Теория литературы. Поэтика. Стилистика. Ленинград: Наука, сс.106-133.

    Колобаева, Л.М., 2000. Русский символизм. Москва: Изд-во Московского ун-та.

    Лотман, Ю.М, Успенский, Б.А., 1973. Миф – имя – культура. В кн.: Ю.М. Лотман, ред. Труды по знаковым системам VI. Тарту: Изд-во Тартуского гос. ун-та, сс.282-303.

    Максимов, Д.Е., 1981. Поэзия и проза А. Блока. Ленинград: Советский писатель.

    Помирчий, Р.Е., Лощинская, Н.В., 1997. Другие редакции и варианты <стихотворений раздела «Стихи о Прекрасной Даме VI»>. В кн.: Блок А.A. Полное собрание сочинений и писем в 20 томах. Т.1. Москва: Наука, сс.305-317.

    Сапожков, С.В., 2005. Поэзия и судьба Николая Минского. В кн.: Ранние символисты: Николай Минский, Александр Добролюбов. Стихотворения и поэмы. Санкт-Петербург: Академический проект, сс.7-96.

    Слободнюк, С.Л., 1998. «Дьяволы» Серебряного века. Древний гностицизм и русская литература 1890–1930 гг. Санкт-Петербург: Алетейя.

    Ханзен-Лёве, А., 1999. Русский символизм. Система поэтических мотивов. Ранний символизм. Санкт-Петербург: Академический проект.

    REFERENCES

    Gasparov, M.L., 2001. Russkij stih nachala XX veka v kommentarijah [Russian Verse of the Early Twentieth Century in Commentaries]. Moscow: Fortuna Limited Publ. (in Russian).

    Gofman, V.A., 1937. Jazyk simvolistov [The Language of the Symbolists]. In: P.I. Lebedev-Poljanskij, ed. Literaturnoe nasledstvo. T.27-28 [Literary Heritage. Vols. 27–28]. Moscow: Goslitizdat Publ, pp.54-105. (in Russian).

    Zhirmunskij, V.M., 1977. Preodolevshie simvolizm [Those Who Overcame Symbolism]. In: Zhirmunskij V.M. Teorija literatury. Pojetika. Stilistika [heory of Literature. Poetics. Stylistics]. Leningrad: Nauka Publ., pp.106-133. (in Russian).

    Kolobaeva, L.M., 2000. Russkij simvolizm [Russian Symbolism]. Moscow: Moscow University Publ. (in Russian)

    Lotman, Ju.M., Uspenskij, B.A., 1973. Mif – imja – kul'tura [Myth – Name – Culture]. In.: Ju.M. Lotman, ed. Trudy po znakovym sistemam VI [Studies in Sign Systems VI]. Tartu: Tartu State University Publ., pp.282-303. (in Russian).

    Maksimov, D.E., 1981. Pojezija i proza A. Bloka [The Poetry and Prose of Alexander Blok]. Leningrad: Sovetskij pisatel' Publ. (in Russian).

    Pomirchij, R.E., Loshhinskaja, N.V., 1997. Drugie redakcii i varianty [Other Editions and Variants ]. In.: Blok A.A. Polnoe sobranie sochinenij i pisem v 20 tomah. T.1 [The Complete Works and Letters in 20 Volumes. Vol. 1.]. Moscow: Nauka Publ, pp.305-317. (in Russian).

    Sapozhkov, S.V., 2005. Pojezija i sud'ba Nikolaja Minskogo [The Poetry and Fate of Nikolai Minsky]. In: Rannie simvolisty: Nikolaj Minskij, Aleksandr Dobroljubov. Stihotvorenija i pojemy [Early Symbolists: Nikolai Minsky, Alexander Dobrolyubov. Verses and Poems]. Saint Petersburg: Akademicheskij proekt Publ., pp.7-96. (in Russian)

    Slobodnjuk, S.L., 1998. «D'javoly» Serebrjanogo veka. Drevnij gnosticizm i russkaja literatura 1890–1930 gg. [“Devils” of the Silver Age. Ancient Gnosticism and Russian Literature of the 1890s–1930s]. Saint Petersburg: Aleteiya Publ. (in Russian).

    Hansen-Ljove, A., 1999. Russkij simvolizm. Sistema pojeticheskih motivov. Rannij simvolizm [Russian Symbolism. The System of Poetic Motifs. Early Symbolism]. Saint Petersburg: Akademicheskij proekt Publ. (in Russian).

Linguistics

  • Linguistics

    Referential Specificity of the Definite Pronouns иной and другой

    Diana Gazarova
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    Abstract

    The article examines the referential characteristics of the Russian pronouns иной and другой and attempts to revise their functional status. Traditionally classified as definite ones, these lexemes function as markers of qualitative indefiniteness in actual discourse. The study posits that the relevance of these pronouns lies in the non-correspondence of the referent to the speaker's expectations. Based on reference theory, the concept of the "Other" (in both philosophical and linguistic aspects), and the opposition between denotative and significative meanings, the paper argues that the core semantic component of иной and другой is the expression of discrepancy. The author proposes a model of two sets: М1 (correspondence) and М2 (non-correspondence). The research demonstrates that indefiniteness arises not from the absence or anonymity of the referent, but from its assignment to the potentially infinite set М2. Furthermore, a functional asymmetry is identified: другой tends toward denotative function and substantivization ("not this one"), whereas иной realizes a significative function (qualitative characterization — "not such") and acts primarily as a predicate. The informative insufficiency of these pronouns is confirmed by their regular cataphoric use and compatibility with intensifiers (совсем), allowing them to be classified as non-prototypical tools for expressing qualitative indefiniteness in the Russian language. In certain contexts, these means of expressing indefiniteness possess greater expressive power than standard indefinite pronouns.

    References

    СПИСОК НАУЧНОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

    Айрапетян В., 2025. Толкуя слово. Опыт герменевтики по-русски. 3-е изд. Ереван: Издательство ИАЭ.

    Арутюнова Н.Д., 1976. Предложение и его смысл. Москва: Наука.

    Арутюнова Н.Д., 1998. Язык и мир человека. Москва: Языки русской культуры.

    Бенвенист Э., 1974. Общая лингвистика. Москва: Прогресс.

    Гаспаров Б., 1996. В поисках «другого». URL: https://magazines.gorky.media/nlo/1996/1/v-poiskah-drugogo.html [дата обращения: 09.04.2026].

    Русская грамматика (два тома с продолжающейся нумерацией), 1979. Прага: Academia.

    REFERENCES

    Hayrapetyan V., 2025. Tolkuya slovo. Opyt germenevtiki po-russki [Interpreting the word: an experience of hermeneutics in Russian]. 3rd ed. Yerevan։ IAE Publ. (in Russian).

    Arutyunova N.D., 1976. Predlozhenie i ego smysl [The sentence and its meaning]. Moscow: Nauka Publ. (in Russian).

    Arutyunova N.D., 1998. Yazyk i mir cheloveka [Language and the world of a human being]. Moscow: Yazyki russkoy kul'tury Publ. (in Russian).

    Benvenist E., 1974. Obshchaya lingvistika [Problems in general linguistics]. Moscow: Progress Publ. (in Russian).

    Gasparov B., 1996. V poiskakh «drugogo» [In search of the “other”]. URL: https://magazines.gorky.media/nlo/1996/1/v-poiskah-drugogo.html [Acceseed 09 April 2026].

    Russkaya grammatika (dva toma s prodolzhayushcheysya numeratsiey) [Russian grammar], 1979. Praga: Academia Publ. (in Russian).

  • Linguistics

    On the Question of Typological Description of Interlinguistic Synonyms "Russian" Word Patriot: Meaning And Sense in the Mirror of Armenian Lexikal Matchings

    Ruzan Grdzelyan
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    Abstract

    The article is devoted to the comparative lexical-semantic and discursive analysis of the word and concept "patriot" in Russian and Armenian languages. A study of many texts with this lexeme allowed us to conclude that there are large discrepancies between the Russian word “patriot” and similar Armenian words – both in semantics, lexical paradigmatics, and in discursive properties. Thus, in the Russian language the word "patriot" does not differ in the diversity of epidigmatic and lexical-paradigmatic connections. In the Armenian language, where the word-formation model of word composition dominates, there is a fairly large number of synonyms and antonyms. The compatibility of the bases contributes to the development of recurrence of words in the synonymous series. Along with this, the synonymous series includes words with different shades of meaning, therefore, it is distinguished by high nominative density. Thus, we are presented with a rich semantic palette of the Armenian concept of "patriotism". In this multitude of semantic shades, semantic nodes stand out, which represent the general outline of the Armenian concept.

    The concept of “patriot” manifests itself differently in Russian and Armenian discourses. Thus, in Russian discourse, the opposition “false patriot – true patriot” is formed, which does not so much clarify the meaning of the said phrase as it gives rise to a “controversy”, “dispute” around it, and sometimes calls into question the generally accepted, dictionary understanding of what is considered true patriotism. Thus, negative connotations of the lexeme “patriot” are formed in Russian discourse and a kind of discussion is born regarding both the meaning of this word and the very understanding of patriotism. The discursive space of the Russian language in this regard is divided into two areas: an area where there is a tendency to protect this word and the concept behind it from semantic deformations, to preserve its original dictionary meaning and the “purity” of the concept, and an area where the opposite tendency is observed – to see in this word a reflection of the psychology of the perception of such a phenomenon in society, and, consequently, to “clarify” and deform its lexical meaning. This interpretation of patriotism, characteristic of Russian discourse, is not observed in Armenian, which is fundamentally different in terms of the interpretation of patriotism as a social and individual manifestation of this psychological phenomenon. The Armenian linguistic perception of patriotism remains within the framework of its canonical, traditional and stereotypical presentation as an exclusively welcomed, socially encouraged model of behavior – a manifestation of love for one’s homeland, country, people, devotion, protection of their interests and freedoms.

    References

    СПИСОК НАУЧНОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

    Александрова, З.Е., 2011. Словарь синонимов русского языка. Практический справочник. URL:

    https://rus-yaz.niv.ru/doc/synonyms-aleksandrova/index.htm [дата обращения: 18. 07. 2025]

    Грдзелян, Р.Р., 2013. Концепт «тоска» в армянской и русской лингвокультурах. В кн.: Лингвистические исследования. Вып.4, Ереван, сс.43-54.

    Грдзелян, Р.Р., 2017. Лексические склейки в русском дискурсе. Русский язык в Армении, 3, сс.31-45.

    Даль, Вл., Толковый словарь живaго великорусского языка. URL: https://slovardalja.net/ [дата обращения 18. 07. 2025]

    Ефремова, Т.Ф., Толковый словарь русского языка Ефремовой. URL: https://www.efremova.info/ [дата обращения: 18. 07. 2025]

    Лебедев, А.А., Коханова, Л.А., 2015. Понятие «патриотизм» в современном прочтении: этимология и семантика. Вестник ЮУрГУ. Серия «Лингвистика», 1(12) URL: https://surl.lu/xjctfq [дата обращения: 18. 07. 2025]

    Национальный корпус русского языка (НКРЯ). URL: https://ruscorpora.ru/ [дата обращения: 18. 07. 2025]

    Ожегов, С.И., Шведова, Н.Ю., Толковый словарь русского языка. URL: https://ozhegov.info/slovar/ [дата обращения: 18. 07. 2025]

    Словарь русского языка (МАС). URL: https://feb-web.ru/feb/mas/mas-abc/default.asp [дата обращения: 18. 07. 2025]

    Супрунова, Е.В., Языковая реализация понятия «патриотизм» в русском и английском языках. URL: https://surl.li/saarcy [дата обращения: 18. 07. 2025]

    Тришин, В.Н., 2013. Словарь синонимов. URL: https://surl.lt/yzaiss [дата обращения: 18. 07. 2025]

    Ушаков, Д.Н., Толковый словарь. URL: https://ushakovdictionary.ru/ [дата обращения: 18. 07. 2025]

    Фасмер, М., Этимологический словарь. URL: https://gufo.me/dict/vasmer [дата обращения: 18. 07. 2025]

    Черняк, В.Д., Реализация семантического потенциала синонимического ряда в тексте. URL: https://surl.li/vpubkz [дата обращения: 18. 07. 2025]

    Աղայան, Է․Բ․, Արդի հայերենի բացատրական բառարան: URL: https://surl.li/lquwvm [дата обращения: 18. 07. 225]

    Սուքիասյան, Ա․Մ․, Հայոց լեզվի հոմանիշների բացատրական բառարան: URL: https://surli.cc/tknbzp [дата обращения: 18. 07. 2025]

    REFERENCES

    Aleksandrova, Z.E., 2011. Slovar’ sinonimov russkogo jazyka. Prakticheskij spravochnik [Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language. Practical Reference]. URL:

    https://rus-yaz.niv.ru/doc/synonyms-aleksandrova/index.htm [Accessed: 18. 07. 2025] (in Russian).

    Grdzelyan, R.R., 2013. Koncept “toska” v armjanskoj I russkoj lingvokulturakh [The Concept of "Longing" in Armenian and Russian Linguistic Cultures]. In: Lingvisticheskije issledovanija. Vol. 4, Yerevan, pp.43-54. (in Russian).

    Grdzelyan, R.R., 2017. Leksicheskije sklejki v russkom diskurse [Lexical glues in Russian discourse]. Russkij jazyk v Armenii, 3, pp.31-45. (in Russian).

    Dal’, Vl., Tolkovyj slovar’ zhyvago velikorusskogo jazyka [Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language]. URL: https://slovardalja.net/ [Accessed:18. 07. 2025] (in Russian).

    Yefremova, T.F., Tolkovyj slovar’ russkogo jazyka Yefremovoj [Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova]. URL: https://www.efremova.info/ [Accessed: 18. 07. 2025] (in Russian).

    Lebed’ev, A.A., 2015. Kokhanova, L.A., Pon’atije “patriotizm” v sovremennom prochtenii: etimologija I semantika [The Concept of "Patriotism" in a Modern Reading: Etymology and Semantics ]. South Ural State University Bulletin. Series «Linguistics». URL: https://surl.lu/xjctfq [Accessed: 18. 07. 2025] (in Russian).

    Natsional'nyj korpus russkogo yazyka (NKRYa) [Russian National Corpus] URL: https://ruscorpora.ru/new/ [Accessed: 10 January 2024]. (in Russian).

    Ozhegov, S.I., Shvedova, N.Yu., Tolkovyj slovar’ russkogo jazyka [Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language] URL: https://ozhegov.info/slovar/ [Accessed: 18. 07. 2025] (in Russian).

    Slovar’ russkogo jazyka /MAS/ [Russian Language Dictionary]. URL:

    https://feb-web.ru/feb/mas/mas-abc/default.asp [Accessed: 18. 07. 2025] (in Russian).

    Suprunova, E.V., Yazykovaja realizacija pon’atija “patriotism” v russkom i arm’anskom jazykach [Linguistic Realization of the Concept of "Patriotism" in Russian and English Languages]. URL: https://surl.li/saarcy [Accessed: 18. 07. 2025] (in Russian).

    Trishin, V.N., Slovar’ synonimov [Dictionary of Synonyms], 2013. URL: https://surl.lt/yzaiss [Accessed: 18. 07. 2025] (in Russian).

    Ushakov, D.N., Tolkovyj slovar’ [Explanatory Dictionary]. https://ushakovdictionary.ru/ [Accessed: 18. 07. 2025] (in Russian).

    Fasmer, M., Etimologicheskyj slovar’ [Etymological Dictionary]. URL: https://gufo.me/dict/vasmer [Accessed: 18. 07. 2025] (in Russian).

    Chern’ak, V.D., Realizacyja semanticheskogo potenciala sinonimicheskogo r’ada v tekst’e [Realization of the Semantic Potential of a Synonymous Series in the Text]. URL: https://surl.li/vpubkz [Accessed: 18. 07. 2025] (in Russian).

    Aghajan, E.B., Ardi hajereni bacatrakan bararan [Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Armenian Language]. URL: https://surl.li/lquwvm [Accessed: 18. 07. 225] (in Russian).

    Suqiasjan, A.M., Hajoc lezvi homanishneri bacatrakan bararan [Armenian Language Explanatory Dictionary of Synonyms]. URL: https://surli.cc/tknbzp [Accessed: 18. 07. 2025] (in Russian).

  • Linguistics

    Modern Processes of Terminologization and Determinologization in the Context of Digital Technology Development

    Lilit Zolyan
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    Abstract

    Dynamic changes in all spheres of social life, caused by the emergence and development of digital technologies, have also affected the language of science, significantly impacting the processes of terminologization and determinologization. This article examines these two interconnected processes using the example of psychological terminology, which, for several reasons, remains insufficiently studied from a linguistic perspective to this day. Since the type of scientific rationality influences the terminological apparatus of a particular field of knowledge, the psychological terminology system is closely related to general literary vocabulary. This explains the fact that a significant number of psychological terms consist of words that have undergone semantic conversion and acquired new, terminological content. On the other hand, psychological terms easily penetrate everyday communication, particularly internet discourse, creating a new linguistic reality that requires further study. This defines the relevance of the research. The article considers semantic transformations that a language unit undergoes when moving from general vocabulary to a language for specific purposes as a result of semantic conversion, and explores the reverse process – the determinologization of terms. In this regard, the question arises concerning the possibility of connotative use of terms, which is considered an open area for research in terminology studies. Examples of term usage in everyday communication, specifically in social networks and pop psychology, are analyzed.

    References

    ИСТОЧНИКИ

    Свенцицкий, А.Л., 2009. Краткий психологический словарь. Москва: Проспект.

    Национальный корпус русского языка. URL: https://ruscorpora.ru/search?search=CgQyAggB [дата обращения: 31.03.2026]

    Ожегов, С.И., 2021. Толковый словарь русского языка. 27-е изд., испр. Москва: АТС; Мир и Образование.

    СПИСОК НАУЧНОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

    Даниленко, В.П., 1977. Русская терминология. Опыт лингвистического описания. Москва: Наука.

    Гурджиева, А.С., 1989. Процессы терминологизации и детерминологизации в современном русском языке: методические указания. Ростов-на-Дону: Изд-во Рост. ун-та.

    Золян, Л.Р., 2022. Термины психологии: структурно-семантический анализ. Ереван: Изд-во Ереванского гос. ун-та.

    Котов, Р.Г., Никитина, С.Е., Васильева, Н.В. и др., 1988. Естественный язык, искусственные языки и информационные процессы в современном обществе. Москва: Наука.

    Лебедев, С.А., 2007. Философия науки. 5-е изд. Москва: Академический проект; Альма Матер.

    Маклаков, А.Г., 2009. Общая психология. Санкт-Петербург: Питер.

    Прохорова, В.Н., 1983. Лексико-семантическое образование русской терминологии. Автореферат дисс. ... доктора филол. наук. Москва.

    Сорокина, Э.А., 2007. Когнитивные аспекты лексического проектирования (к основам когнитивного терминоведения). Автореферат дисс. ... доктора филол. наук. Москва.

    REFERENCES

    Danilenko, V.P., 1977. Russkaya terminologiya. Opyt lingvisticheskogo opisaniya. [Russian Terminology: An Attempt at a Linguistic Description]. Moscow: Nauka Publ. (in Russian).

    Gurdzhieva, A.S., 1989. Protsessy terminologizatsii i determinologizatsii v sovremennom russkom yazyke: metodicheskie ukazaniya. [Processes of Terminologization and Determinologization in Modern Russian: Methodological Guidelines]. Rostov-on-Don: Rostov Univ. Publ. (in Russian).

    Zolyan, L.R., 2022. Terminy psikhologii: strukturno-semanticheskiy analiz. [Psychological Terms: a Structural and Semantic Analysis]. Yerevan: Yerevan State Univ. Publ. (in Russian).

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    Lebedev, S.A., 2007. Filosofiya nauki. 5-e izd. [Philosophy of Science]. 5th ed. Moscow: Akademicheskiy proekt Publ; Al'ma Mater Publ. (in Russian).

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    Prokhorova, V.N., 1983. Leksiko-semanticheskoe obrazovanie russkoy terminologii [Lexico-Semantic Formation of Russian Terminology]. Extended abstract of the doctoral dissertation in philology. Moscow.

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  • Linguistics

    Historical Commentary on Idioms Containing the Word ‘War’

    Anna Khizantsyan
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    Abstract

    The article examines phraseological units of the modern Russian language containing the component war from historical-etymological and semantic perspectives. The military sphere, which for centuries has exerted a significant influence on public consciousness, has become one of the key sources of metaphorization and the formation of stable expressions that function actively beyond strictly military discourse.

    The aim of the study is to identify the historical sources of phraseological units containing the component war, to analyze their origin, borrowing paths, and semantic transformations, as well as to describe the specific features of their usage in contemporary language.

    The research material includes data from phraseological dictionaries, the Russian National Corpus, as well as examples from literary and journalistic texts of various historical periods. The study employs methods of continuous sampling, contextual analysis and historical-etymological analysis.

    As a result of the research, it has been established that phraseological units of military origin were formed in different historical epochs; some of them were borrowed from Latin, French, and English, while the majority gradually lost their narrowly specialized military semantics and acquired figurative, universal meanings. The article demonstrates that these phraseological units preserve cultural and historical memory and are actively used in modern Russian to describe social, political, psychological and everyday situations.

    References

    Источники

    Национальный корпус русского языка. URL: https://ruscorpora.ru/ [Дата обращения: 24.09.2025]

    RT. URL: https://russian.rt.com/inotv/2011-06-27/Svoboda-slova-i-vojna-kompromatov [Дата обращения: 24.09.2025]

    Sputnik.Латвия. URL:

    https://lv.sputniknews.ru/20240426/eto-voyna-kompromatov-politolog-o-skandalakh-novogo-edinstva-27789119.html [Дата обращения: 24.09.2025]

    The Insider. URL: https://theins.ru/obshestvo/279913 [Дата обращения: 24.09.2025]

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    Виноградов, В.В., 1994. О фразеологии. Основные типы фразеологических единиц русского языка. Москва: Наука.

    Кузмич, В., 2000. Жгучий глагол: Словарь народной фразеологии. Москва: Зеленый век.

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    https://iling.spb.ru/publications/2293

    Телия, В.Н., 1996. Русская фразеология. Семантический, прагматический и лингвокультурологический аспекты. Москва: Школа «Языки русской культуры».

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    REFERENCES

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