Vol. 11 No. 1 (13) (2015)

The article highlights English as Lingua Franca and emphasizes the importance of teaching Language for Special Purposes (LSP). The content of the notion “lingua-franca” is analysed on the basis of a number of linguistic works devoted to the English language status. English as Lingua Franca refers to the use of English as a medium of communication between speakers of different languages. Nowadays, contacts between people with different cultural backgrounds are becoming more frequent and much closer. Highly developed skills in intercultural communication have a significant bearing on the quality of relationships between people of various nationalities and cultures. In recent years ELF has been studied by many linguists interested in how its pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar are different from other varieties of English. ELF has now established itself as a major and expanding field of academic research. Its interconnections with teaching and other disciplines are being currently discussed, acknowledged and investigated.

Whether one is an indefinite pronoun, which denotes no person in particular, or a generic one often synonymous to I, is a long-standing issue in semantics. In the article we present evidence in favour of one’s generic nature, and argue that the pronouns one and I, despite being referentially identical, have denotational characteristics of their own, and therefore function in different ways. The pronoun I, which is characterized by the highest level of semiotic individualization, is the basic lexical unit employed to denote the speaker, but it is by no means the only one. In all languages there are numerous ways of referring to the addresser of the message, including the employment of lexical units with generic reference. In the present paper we are going to discuss the use of one instead of I, in which the former operates as a ‘disguised I’, particularly in the speech of people holding a high position. This function of one used to be sociolinguistically marked, but in the present-day society with its emphasis on egalitarianism and political correctness, in most cases, the speaker’s choice of one is explained by his wish to sound more formal rather than more socially distinguished. However, the semantic features of this pronoun, as will be shown in the article, account for such linguistic interaction in which the use of one signalizes the existence of a certain distance between the interlocutors.

In examining SF it is essential to begin with the specifically stylistic dimension of it. Style is widely taken to be a privileged category in the analysis of any literary kind, a kind of touchstone of the literary itself and it is especially relevant to the study of SF – a modern, non-traditional language phenomenon. Viewed in the light of this attitude and the belief underlying this stance, it should be mentioned that SF style, conditioned by the ontological juxtaposition of factitiousness and fictitiousness, implies plentiful use of “real” and invented technical terms, a host of invented present or future scientific jargon, a whole series of neologisms and coinages, fantastic literalized or non-literalized metaphors, and many other linguistic and stylistic means. My assertion will be that science fictional style is largely self-contained as certain stylistic means tend to occur in no other discourse or genre.

Largely speaking, the present paper seeks to substantiate the role of the pragmastylistic analysis as a crucial tool for the study of relations between various levels of literary texts and to illustrate how the pragmatic and stylistic dimensions in the study of the literary texts can become an efficient extension to the traditional analytical toolkit. Our major objective is to expose the role of the character’s speech in the work of fiction, meanwhile observing those pragmastylistic resources employed by the author which contribute to the formation of the pragmatic meaning of the text and support the pragmatic impact on the reader.

Parenthetical constructions are connected with the sentence by means of a special type of grammatical connection – correlation. The characteristic feature of this type of grammatical connection is that between the parenthetical construction and the sentence there exists a lexical connection, the grammatical expression of which is the insertion of parenthetical constructions within the sentence structure. The specific character of this type of grammatical connection is that parenthetical construction is independent of the sentence part it defines and has an independent grammatical shaping. The special type of the connection of parenthetical construction with the main sentence distinguishes the parenthetical construction from the part of the sentence which depends on its head-word. Correlation shapes the syntactic isolation of parenthetical constructions within the sentence. It is one of the main features of parenthetical construction as an independent syntactic category.

This article offers an overview on the usage of technological metaphors in medicine, and in Neuroanatomy in particular. Exploring major technological metaphors surrounding human brain and nervous system, the paper aims at illustrating the cognitive functions these metaphors have in communicating clinical phenomena and pathologies. The neuroanatomical section in the “Gray’s Anatomy” – the clinical Bible of medicine – has served a major reference point for the analysis of metaphors.

The function, realization and the role of sound-symbolic phenomenon can vary in some languages. The study of sound symbolism and onomatopoeia in Armenian, Russian and English showed that highly expressive forms of language occur not only in daily conversation, advertising, newspapers and magazines, but also in creative literature: children’s poems, stories and great works of art. As a powerful stylistic device they realize an impact upon the reader or listener and evoke certain emotional expressively evaluative reactions. The comparative analysis of this phenomenon demonstrates that the word is heard differently in different cultures.

This article is devoted to the study of descriptive language and idiomatic phrases used in P.G. Wodehouse’s novels. Here we try to show what really attracts the reader: the plot or the style? Wodehouse skilfully juxtaposes high and low styles. Through different styles, stylistic devices, idiomatic phrases, deformation of idioms Wodehouse creates a completely new specific style which really singles him out among other humorists.

Every piece of fiction is a piece of poetic accessory. Poetic language is conditioned by the unification of incompatible notions, implicitness and covertness to make the language of fiction attractive. The means of language spicing may vary. The variety of means may depend on different factors such as gender, age, linguo-cultural identity, national characteristics, special preference of tropes and figures of speech, which may lead to the identification of the individual style of the author. Text is a unity of reality, concepts and meanings which are to be essentially decoded by the reader. Every writer explores the world differently, touches different problems from different angles and definitely has a special preference to a set of particular stylistic means to express himself/herself. The means making the author’s works mostly recognizable can be a set of simile, metaphor, hyperbole, personification, stylistic inversions, etc.

The overarching objective of this article is to contemplate on the significance of questioned document examination in forensic linguistics. Questioned document examination (QDE) is a forensic linguistics discipline pertaining to disputed documents and applying a variety of linguistic methods and tools to answer questions about a disputed document. More specifically, this article elaborates on the categorization of legal documents that are instrumental in the process of establishing the authenticity of documents in dispute.

Tautological constructions are widely used in written and oral speech and are expressed in different tenses. Tautologies used in the Present Indefinite tense have their semantic and communicative peculiarities. They outnumber those used in other tenses and are applied to convey different communicative and semantic purport. These meanings largely depend on textual and cultural context, number of the noun, definite and indefinite articles, other interlinguistic and extralinguistic factors. These tautologies may be divided into several groups: those of Tolerance, Obligation, and Tautologies that see through superficial differences. The paper reveals how far the grammatical structure is determined by discourse structure and the speaker’s/writer’s communicative intention.

The present article focuses on the cultural aspect of globalization in Armenian higher education system which has come to the fore recently within the framework of the unifying European academic field. Bearing in mind that education is part of culture, some effective ways of adapting teacher-centered educational strategy to Armenian academic network are discussed. Using the cultural dimensions model proposed by G. Hofstede, I make an assumption that certain attitudes and behaviour types characteristic of educational strategies implemented in Armenia recently should be acculturized.

Traditional Foreign language curricula at Armenian schools have mainly focused on the grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation of the target language. The disparity between the gained knowledge of a foreign language and university classes aimed at enhancing communicative English in different situations, confuses our students. Knowing a lot of grammar but being unable to use their knowledge for any practical communicative purposes seems difficult for them. Thus, the paper argues that situational grammar items have become an integral feature of the language. At the same time the issue centers on those situational grammar items of English, Armenian learners need most.

The purpose of this article is to highlight the problem of the lack of social interactions in the distance language learning context and to suggest optimal solutions towards the development of social presence in virtual learning environment. Specifically, five main points figure prominently in the model of interaction development: implementation of parter-feedback system, collaborative preparation for online lessons, incorporation of video-recorded exercises in the course content, creation of students' profiles and facing different cultural and linguistic dimensions.

Non-native speakers of a language cannot decode emotionally conditioned meanings of stationary sentences without background knowledge. The interpretation of semantically independent expressions cannot be separated from culture. The discovery of universal emotions and the description of words and expressions related to the latter is a key to understanding cultures and societies.

The present study aims to explore the factors that hinder the realization of cross-cultural communication. It is culture that defines the participants of communication, the choice of topics and communication strategies, the context, the way and conditions of transmitting messages, the method of encoding and decoding information, the set of communicative steps, and so on. In the process of the contact of cultures the national-specific peculiarities, unperceived during intracultural communication, become apparent. During cross-cultural contacts a clash of two worldviews talces place. In this article we make an attempt to consider the mechanisms of transformation of the vision of the world in the process of cross-cultural communication, using two contacting linguocultures as an example.

Kipling's stories, often referred to as 'a great chronicle of primal fables' (Green 1971), are very expressive due to the unique style of the author. Among various stylistic devices and expressive means, allusions used in the stories are of great interest from the point of view of analysis of both source and target texts. The point is that almost all the allusions are indirect and are engaged in a unique language play. This technique, obviously, poses difficulties for transferring the text from one language to another.
The article is devoted to the investigation of allusions and their interpretations in three of Kipling's "Just So Stories", namely "How the Whale Got His Throat", "How the Leopard Got His Spots" and "The Crab that Played with the Sea".

The aim of this paper is to revisit literary canon, focusing on some of the most relevant texts and books that have been published within the corpus of Anglo-American studies. Then our attention is shifted to the works of American women authors and their views on the literary canon. Different generations of Montenegrin women poets and their reflections on their status in the literary canon, as well as on the advantages of applying feminist literary theory and criticism in improving their position in the aforementioned literary tradition have also been discussed.

One of the key features of belles-lettres style – polyphony, makes a piece of writing not only worthy literature but rather a challenge for general readers and text interpreters, in particular. The interplay of the voices of various characters in the novel requires absolute concentration and deep insight in order to be able to get the message of the story. Is this a mere technique to capture the attention of the reader or does it pursue a more important purpose? The heteroglossia in the novel entails a confusion of “voices”, but at the same time helps make the story more complete.
Cloud Howe by L.G. Gibbon is an example of a polyphonic novel which represents an intricate fusion of the voices of the author, the narrator and the characters. The linguistic analysis of the novel demonstrates the role of polyphony in the overall expressiveness of the work.

The Yeghern – Genocide of Armenians in their homeland – has relatively recently become an object of political debate after decades-long silence. The already revealed facts of the universal evil, concepts and definitions shaping the public perception, among them the widely held and publicized formula of “The Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire in 1915-1923” which does not correspond to the factual and political content of this crime against humanity, await new interpretation. To this day the Genocide of the Armenians of Eastern Transcaucasia remains outside the Turkish crime. Consequences of the international political implications of Yeghern, as well as the irresponsibility of world powers as the main guarantors of international security, have not been adequately evaluated, and this is sure to lead to the establishment of new genocidogenic states and the legalization of criminal behaviour.

The focus of the present article is the fabricated nature of some rejectionists’ interpretations of the Armenian Genocide brought out by the theory of frame – a reliable instrument widely applicable in cognitive linguistics. Referring to the information accumulated and stored in the memory of humanity and actually reflected in different dictionaries, literary works, official correspondence and documents, the author draws the readers’ attention to the background significance of the concepts Armenian and Turk in the cognizance and evaluation of the genocidal events in Western Armenia at the beginning of the 20^th century.

The present article aims at discussing some facts from the history of the Annenian Genocide – the most horrendous act of extenninating a race from its Motherland. The discussion of the historical facts presented below spreads light on the actual reasons of the Armenian Genocide and its pre-planned nature which has so far been and is still being officially rejected by the Turkish authorities of today. An attempt is also made to reveal the essence of the fraudulent offer of the official Turkey to leave the discussion of the question to historians.

The article considers the consequences of the policy of forced lslamization-Turkification in the Ottoman Empire, particularly, the problem of the present-day Hamshenians’ self-identification. The policy of Islamization conducted by the Ottoman government is characterized as a variety of genocide.

The present article aims to reveal the peculiarities of the language units chosen and stringed together in the speeches on the Armenian Genocide made by George Bush and Barak Obama before and after their presidency. An attempt is made to reveal the functional and linguostylistic peculiarities that condition the ideological aspect of George Bush’s and Barack Obama’s speeches. Words, word combinations, syntagms that are part of the whole linguistic system are studied as means of realization of a certain ideological function.