Banber Erevani hamalsarani. Banasirut'yun.
| E - ISSN | : | 2738-2575 |
| P - ISSN | : | 1829-457X |
Vol. 17 No. 3(51) (2026)
Full Issue
Literary Criticism
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Literary Criticism
The Ancient Greek Мyth of the Kingdom of the Dead in the Poems of Homer and Yeghishe Charents’ Ballad "The Land of Aid"
AbstractThis article examines the depiction of one of the central myths of Greek mythology − the underworld of the dead − in the ballad “The Land of Hades” and its genealogical connection to Homer’s poems. Of the ancient mythological systems, Yeghishe Charents’s greatest and most enduring interest was in Greek mythology. His first significant work on this subject was the ballad “The Land of Hades,” written in 1916. Charents knew most of the Greek myths from Homer’s epic works, the Iliad and the Odyssey, which he had previously read in Nikolai Kuhn’s book “What the Ancient Greeks and Romans Told about Their Gods and Heroes”. Charents’ depiction of the myth of the underworld of the dead is inspired by them. The ballad’s mythopoetics, ideological content, and artistic structure derive from the Homeric tradition.
ReferencesՀոմեր (1864), Հոմերի Իլիական։ Հան ի հայ Հ․ Արսէն Կոմիտաս Բագրատունի ի Մխիթարեանց, ի Վենետիկ ի վանս Սրբոյն Ղազարու, 1864։ [Homer (1864), Homeri Iliakan. Han I hay H. Arsen Komitas Bagratuni I Mkhit’areants’, I Venetik I vans Srboin Ghazaru, 1864]․
Հոմերոս (1843), Հոմերոսի Եղիական, թարգմանեաց ի հելլենականէ հ. Եղիա Թոմաճեան, հատոր Ա, Վենետիկ, Սուրբ Ղազար, 1843։ [Homeros (1843), Homerosi Eghiakan, t'argmaneats' i hellenakane h. Eghia T'omachean, hator A, Venetik, Surb Ghazar, 1843]․
Հոմերոս (1911), Իլիական․ բնագրէն թարգմանեց Հ․ Արսէն Ղազարոս Ղազիկեան, Վենետիկ-Սուրբ Ղազար, Մխիթարեան տպագրութիւն, 1911։ [Homeros (1911), Iliakan, bnagren t'argmanets' H. Arsen Ghazaros Ghazikean, Venetik-Surb Ghazar, Mhhitarean tpagrut’iun, 1911]․
Հոմերոս, Իլիական (2024), Իլիական։ Հին հունարենից թարգմանությունը, առաջաբանը և ծանոթագրությունները՝ Գոհար Մուրադյանի և Արամ Թոփչյանի։ Երկրորդ՝ բարեփոխված հրատարակություն, Եր․, «Զանգակ» հրատ․, 2024։ [Homeros, Iliakan (2024)․ Hin hunarenits' t'argmanut'yuně, arajabaně ev tsanot'agrue'yunnerě Gohar Muradyani ev Aram T'op'ch'yani. Erkrord barep'okhvats hratarakut'yun, Yer., ''Zangak'' hrat., 2024]․
Հոմերոս (1988), Ոդիսական։ Հին հունարենից թարգմանեց Համազասպ Համբարձումյանը։ Եր․, Երևանի համալսարանի հրատ․, 1988։ [Homeros (1988), Vodisakan. Hin hunarenits' t'argmanets’ Hamazasp Hambardzumyaně. Yer., Yerevani hamalsarani hrat., 1988]․
Հոմերոս, Ոդիսական (2024)։ Հին հունարենից թարգմանությունը, առաջաբանը և ծանոթագրությունները՝ Գոհար Մուրադյանի և Արամ Թոփչյանի։ Եր․, «Զանգակ» հրատ․, 2024։ [Homeros, Vodisakan (2024). Hin hunarenits' t'argmanut'yuně, arajabaně ev tsanot'agrue'yunnerě Gohar Muradyani ev Aram T'op'ch'yani. Erkrord barep'okhvats hratarakut'yun, Yer., ''Zangak'' hrat., 2024]․
Չարենց Ե․ (2022), Եղիշե Չարենցի անձնական գրադարան, Եր., Եղիշե Չարենցի տուն-թանգարան, 2022։ [Ch'arents' Ye. (2022),, Yeghishe Ch'arents'i andznakan gradarakan, Yer., Yeghishe Ch'arents'i tun-t'angaran, 2022]․
Չարենց Ե․ (2023), Երկերի ժողովածու 13 հատորով, հ․ 1, Եր., «Անտարես», 2023։ [Ch'arents' Ye., (2023), Yerkeri zhoghovatsu 13 hatorov, h. 1, Yer., ''Antares'', 2003]․
Homer (1884), The “Iliad” of Homer with a verse translation, vol. I, London, Longmans and Co, 1884.
Гомер (1935), Илиада. Пер. Н.И. Гнедича. Ред. и коммент. И.М.Троцкого. При участии И.И. Толстого, М.-Л., «Academia», 1935. [Gomer (1935), Iliada. Per. N.I.Gnedicha. Red. i komment. I.M.Trockogo. Pri uchastii I.I. Tolstogo. M.-L., ''Academia'', 1935]․
Кун Н. (1914), Что рассказывали греки и римляне о своих богах и героях, ч. 1, М., Издательство И.Н. Кушнерев и К°, 1914. [Kun N. (1914), Chto rasskazyvali greki i rimljane o svoikh bogakh i gerojakh, ch. 1, M., Izdatel‘stvo I.N.Kushnerev К°, 1914]․
Жуковский В. (2010), Полное собрание сочинений и писем в двадцати томах. Том 6․ Переводы из Гомера. «Илиада», «Одиссея», М., «Языки славянских культур», 2010. [Zhukovskij V. (2010), Polnoe sobranie sochinenij i pisem v dvenadcati tomakh. Tom 6. Perevody iz Gomera. ''Iliada'', ''Odisseya'', M., ''Jazyki slavjanskikh kul‘tur'', 2010]․
Мифы народов мира (1987). Энциклопедия в двух томах, том 1, М., «Советская энциклопедия», 1987. [Mify narodov mira (1987). Enciklopedija v dvukh tomakh, tom 1, M., ''Sovetskaja enciklopedija'', 1987]․
Петрухин В. (2010), Загробный мнр. Мифы о загробном мире։ мифы разных народов, М., АСТ։ Астраль, 2010. [Petrukhin V. (2010), Zagrobnyj mir. Mify o zagrobnom mire։ mify raznykh narodov, M., AST։ Astral‘, 2010]․
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Literary Criticism
The Horse as Mediator and Psychopomp: from Mythological Tradition to Russian Folklore
AbstractDespite the enduring presence of the horse in the mythological, religious, and folkloric traditions of diverse cultures, its significance has most often been interpreted through discrete symbolic frameworks, including solar, martial, chthonic, or economic associations. Such an approach makes it difficult to explain both the remarkable persistence of this image and its recurrence across culturally distant traditions. The present study addresses this problem from a different perspective by attributing the longevity of the motif not to the stability of its symbolism, but to the preservation of a particular structural function. A comparison of mythological material with the Russian fairy-tale and bylina traditions demonstrates that the horse functions as one of the principal figures of transition, facilitating interaction between different levels of existence and accompanying changes in the hero’s status. At the same time, Russian folklore substantially reinterprets this archaic model. Whereas in cosmological systems the horse is primarily associated with mediation and the crossing of boundaries between worlds, in fairy tales and epic narratives its role concentrates around the very subject of transition. The magical horse is involved less in the hero’s physical movement than in the processes of personal formation, ordeal, and the acquisition of a new identity. This shift makes it possible to view Russian folklore not as a late reflection of ancient mythological conceptions, but as a space of active artistic transformation in which the mediating function of the horse receives its most consistent and anthropologically significant realization. From this perspective, the image of the horse emerges as a distinctive mythopoetic model of mediation and psychopompy, uniting diverse cultural traditions through a shared logic of transition and transformation.
ReferencesAdkins B. (2015). Deleuze and Guattari’s A Thousand Plateaus: A Critical Introduction and Guide. – Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. – 272 p.
Afanasiev A.N. (1865). Poeticheskie vozzreniya slavyan na prirodu. Opyt sravnitelnogo izucheniya slavyanskikh predanii i verovanii, v svyazi s mificheskimi skazaniyami drugikh rodstvennykh narodov. Vol. 1. – M.: Izdanie K. Soldatenkova. – 800 s. [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/afanas1/text.pdf
Bortnikova Yu.A., Naumenko O.N. (2022). Musulmanskii «Belyi kon» i obsko-ugorskii «Belyi olen»: tochki soprikosnoveniya v religioznoi kulture korennykh narodov Severa. Genesis: istoricheskie issledovaniya. No. 1. DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2022.1.34712 [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://surl.li/vegaxz (in Russian).
Campbell J. (2004). The Hero with a Thousand Faces. – Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. – 418 p.
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Eliade M. (1972). Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy / trans. from the French by W. R. Trask. – Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. – 610 p.
Krishnananda S. (1983). The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. Chapter I. First Brahmana: The Universe as a Sacrificial Horse [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://www.swami-krishnananda.org/brdup/brhad_I-01.html
Lévi-Strauss C. (1955). The Structural Study of Myth. The Journal of American Folklore. Vol. 68, No. 270. Myth: A Symposium. – P. 428–444.
Lindow J. (2001). Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs. – Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. – 365 p.
Morozova T.P. (2019). Kon-solntse v slavyanskoi yazycheskoi mifologii. Vestnik slavyanskikh kultur. Vol. 52. [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://surl.li/vlnrhn (in Russian).
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Propp V.Ya. (2000). Istoricheskie korni volshebnoi skazki. Razdel «Zagrobnye dariteli». Umershii otets. – M.: Labirint. – 336 s. (in Russian).
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Skazka-bylina pro Ilyu Muromtsa. In: Byliny v zapisyakh i pereskazakh XVII–XVIII vekov [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://feb-web.ru/feb/byliny/texts/imu/imu-313-.htm
The Holy Bible. (2018). Authorized King James Version. – Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. – 3327 p.
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Williams J. (2008). Gilles Deleuze’s Logic of Sense: A Critical Introduction and Guide. – Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. – 256 p.
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Literary Criticism
Comparative Analysis of Ancient Myth Retellings in the Works of Madeline Miller and Pat Barker
AbstractThe article presents a comparative analysis of twenty-first-century feminist retellings of ancient myth based on Circe by Madeline Miller and The Silence of the Girls by Pat Barker. Particular attention is devoted to narrative structure, the shift of focalization in accordance with the cultural context and the type of narration, as well as to the deconstruction of traditional heroic discourse. The study examines the ways in which contemporary authors reinterpret mythological material from an alternative perspective, shifting the semantic focus from heroic epic to psychological experience, particularly traumatic experience and its consequences. The analysis also identifies two distinct models of contemporary female mythopoetics that reflect different modes of interaction with mythological structures and narrative authority.
ReferencesRussian-Language Printed Sources
1. Barker P. The Silence of the Girls / trans. from English by A. Glebovskaya. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2020. – 352 p.
2. Gonchar-Khandzhyan N., Safaryan M. «Narrative Subversion and the Deconstruction of Myth in Madeline Miller’s The Song of Achilles» // Foreign Languages in Higher Education. – 2024. – Vol. 28, No. 2 (37). – P. 230–249.
3. Homer. The Iliad. The Odyssey. – Moscow: Khudozhestvennaya Literatura, 1967. – 768 p.
4. Jung C. G. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. – Moscow: AST, 2020. – 224 p.
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6. Miller M. Circe / trans. from English by A. Andreeva. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2019. – 416 p.
7. Miller M. The Song of Achilles / trans. from English by A. Andreeva. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2017. – 416 p.
8. Nenarokova M. R. «Retelling: A New Genre or an Insufficiently Studied “Old” One?» // Bulletin of the Russian Christian Academy for the Humanities. – 2024.
9. Ovid. Collected Works: in 2 vols. – Vol. 2. – Saint Petersburg: Studia Biografika, 1994. – 528 p.
English-Language Printed Sources
10. Hardwick L. Reception Studies. Greece and Rome: New Surveys in the Classics. – Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. – 128 p.
11. Martindale C. Redeeming the Text: Latin Poetry and the Hermeneutics of Reception. – Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. – 140 p.
Electronic Resources
12. Judge S. Contemporary Feminist Adaptations of Greek Myth [Electronic resource]: PhD thesis. – University of Glasgow, 2022. – URL: ResearchGate (accessed: 12 May, 2026).
13. Jung C. G. Archetype and Symbol [Electronic resource]. – URL: LitLife (accessed: 12 May, 2026).
14. Laseter S. Madeline Miller’s Circe as a Feminist Revisionist Myth [Electronic resource]: Bachelor’s thesis. – University of Amsterdam, 2020. – 45 p. – URL: University of Amsterdam Repository (accessed: 13 May, 2026).
15. Manzhula O. V. «Artistic Features of Pat Barker’s Novel The Silence of the Girls» [Electronic resource] // World Literature in the Context of Culture. – 2022. – No. 15 (21). – URL: CyberLeninka (accessed: 8 May, 2026).
16. Nester N. V. «The Image of Circe in the Works of M. Miller and the Classical Tradition» [Electronic resource]. – URL: CyberLeninka (accessed: 12 May, 2026).
17. Sarwar R., Fatima S. «Madeline Miller’s Circe: A Feminist Stylistic Approach» [Electronic resource] // Pakistan Journal of Humanities. – 2022. – Vol. 3, No. 2. – P. 337–359. – URL: ResearchGate (accessed: 14 May, 2026).
18. Tatar M. The Heroine with a Thousand Faces: The Female Archetype in Mythology and Literature [Electronic resource]. – URL: Flibusta (accessed: 14 May, 2026).
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Literary Criticism
The Poetics of Cultural Codes in Eduardo Mendoza’s Novels
AbstractThe article examines the mechanisms through which various linguistic, social, and genre models shape the artistic system of Eduardo Mendoza’s novels. It analyzes the combination of different speech registers alongside the techniques of their ironic, parodic, and stylistic transformation. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the characters’ communicative behaviour and the formation of a fluid identity, as well as the role of linguistic heterogeneity in the construction of urban space. The study demonstrates that cultural codes in Mendoza’s prose do not function in isolation but form a dynamic structure linking the social profiling of characters, modes of self-definition, and different models of perceiving reality.
References1. Cabrales Arteaga José Manuel. (2000). Cervantes y la novela actual: aproximación a Una comedia ligera, de Eduardo Mendoza // Monte Buciero. – No. 5. – pp. 255–272. [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/206319.pdf (Accessed: 18.06.2025).
2. Bakhtin M.M. (1975). Slovo v romane // Voprosy literatury i estetiki. Issledovaniya raznykh let. M.: Khudozhestvennaya literatura. – 504 s. (in Russian).
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4. García-Rodríguez M.J. (2020). El enredo de la bolsa y la vida: la parodia de la signicidad en Eduardo Mendoza // Bulletin of Spanish Studies. – Vol. 97, No. 8. – pp. 1333–1347.
5. Goffman E. (1956). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, Social Sciences Research Centre. – 161 p.
6. Hutcheon L. (1985). A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms. New York: Methuen. – 143 p.
7. Lotman Yu.M. (1970). Struktura khudozhestvennogo teksta. M.: Iskusstvo. – 384 s. (in Russian).
8. Mendoza E. (2001). El laberinto de las aceitunas. Barcelona: Seix Barral. – 230 p.
9. Mendoza E. (2001). El misterio de la cripta embrujada. Barcelona: Seix Barral. – 191 p.
10. Mendoza E. (2001). La aventura del tocador de señoras. Barcelona: Seix Barral. – 224 p.
11. Mendoza E. (2001). La ciudad de los prodigios. Barcelona: Seix Barral. – 416 p.
12. Mendoza E. (2012). El enredo de la bolsa y la vida. Barcelona: Seix Barral. – 352 p.
13. Schwarzbürger S. (2002). La ciudad narrada. Barcelona en las novelas urbanas de Eduardo Mendoza. La relación entre texto y ciudad // Revista de Filología Románica. – Anejo III. – pp. 203–220. [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://surl.li/jtbsov (Accessed: 18.06.2025).
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Literary Criticism
The Messianic Model of Subject Formation in Chuck Palahniuk's Novels “Survivor” and “Choke”
AbstractThis article offers a new reading of Chuck Palahniuk’s philosophical vision through the analysis of the messianic model in his novels “Survivor” and “Choke”. It focuses on the formation of the subject amid a crisis of traditional authority, as religious, social, and familial structures no longer sustain a stable personal identity. The article shows that the messianic motif in Palahniuk’s fiction extends beyond religious themes, serving as a universal framework for understanding freedom, responsibility, and self-determination. A comparative reading of the two novels traces a shift in the textual representation of the sacred: from the publicly constructed figure of the prophet to the internal space of family memory, psychological dependency, and traumatic experience. The findings position “Survivor” and “Choke” as two stages in the development of Palahniuk’s concept of subjectivity, in which the search for autonomy is linked to a reconsideration of the symbolic mechanisms that shape the human self.
References1. Baudrillard Jean. (1994). Simulacra and Simulation / trans. by S. F. Glaser. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. – 164 p.
2. Butler J. (1997). The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection. – Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 37, 59. [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://surl.li/hgjkmw (Accessed: 04.07.2026).
3. Foucault Michel. (1995). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison / Translated by Alan Sheridan. – New York: Vintage Books. – 333 p.
4. Foucault Michel. (2021). The History of Sexuality. Vol. 4: Confessions of the Flesh / Translated by Robert Hurley; Ed. by Frédéric Gros. – London: Penguin Books. – 396 p.
5. Freud Sigmund. (1958). Remembering, Repeating and Working-Through (Further Recommendations on the Technique of Psycho-Analysis II) // The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Vol. 12. London: Hogarth Press. – P. 145-156. URL: https://clck.ru/3T8LoG (accessed 16 April 2026).
6. Gonchar-Khanjyan N., Tovmasyan K. (2020). The Problematics of
7. Hesse H. (1969). Steppenwolf / Translated by Basil Creighton; with suggestions by Hellmut Frenz. – New York: Bantam Books. – 248 p.
8. Lacan Jacques. (1966). Écrits. – Paris: Éditions du Seuil. [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~bmikulic/Filoz-Psy2012/JL_0393329259.pdf (Accessed: 04.07.2026).
9. McCampbell Mary W. (2009). “Paradigms Are Dissolving Left and Right”: Baudrillard’s Anti-Apocalypse and Chuck Palahniuk’s Survivor. In: Sacred and Immoral: On the Writings of Chuck Palahniuk / Ed. by Jeffrey A. Sartain. – Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. – P. 146–158.
10. Palahniuk Chuck. (2002). Choke. – New York: Anchor Books. – 272 p.
11. Palahniuk Chuck. (2003). Survivor. London: Vintage Books, 2003. – 294 p.
12. Palahniuk Chuck. (2004). Stranger Than Fiction (True Stories). – New York: Doubleday. [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://openlibrary.org/works/OL18932W/Stranger_Than_Fiction (Accessed: 04.07.2026).
Palahniuk’s Novel “Survivor” in Relation to Nietzsche’s Philosophical Concept. Foreign Languages in Higher Education. Vol. 24, No. 2 (29). – P. 121–131. [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://surl.li/crfpoh (Accessed: 04.07.2026). (In Russ.)
13. Ricoeur Paul. (1992). Oneself as Another / Translated by Kathleen Blamey. – Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/1767103/Oneself_as_another (Accessed: 04.07.2026)).
14. Sacred and Immoral: On the Writings of Chuck Palahniuk. (2009). Ed. by Jeffrey A. Sartain. – Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. – 240 p. [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://clck.ru/3TQRC2 (Accessed: 04.07.2026).
15. Stirrings Still: The International Journal of Existential Literature. (2005). Fall/Winter. Vol. 2, No. 2: The Fiction of Chuck Palahniuk / Ed. by Erik M. Grayson. – Binghamton: Binghamton University. – 152 p. [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://clck.ru/3UTyVX (Accessed: 04.07.2026).
Linguistics
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Linguistics
Theoretical Issues of Grammar in Bartholomew of Maragha’s «Dialectica»
AbstractThe Catholic scholar Bartholomew of Maragha (14th c.), in his work «Dialectica», in parallel with logical interpretations, also addressed grammatical questions. Particularly noteworthy is his definition of grammatical science, which is influenced by the ancient Latin tradition and whose principle was adopted and was later consistently used in Armenian Latinizing grammars. Also noteworthy is his description of the classification of parts of speech, which covers extensive material (philosophical-logical and grammatical doctrines) and is based on both Armenian (Hellenizing) and Latin (ancient and scholastic) traditions.
These issues are studied through a comparative analysis of Armenian and Latin sources to demonstrate their connections to the exegetical tradition. Armenian Latinizing grammars (14th, 17th–18th cc.) are also taken into account to clarify the influence of these interpretations on the development of grammatical thought.
ReferencesԱդոնց Ն. (2008), Նախաբան, Երկեր, Գ հ., Երևան, էջ XIII-CLXXXIII [Adonts N. (2008), Naxaban, Erker, G h., Yerevan, ej XIII–CLXXXIII]:
Ավագյան Ս․ (1977), Հովհաննես Քռնեցու «Համառօտ հաւաքումն յաղագս քերականին» երկի քերականագիտական նշանակությունը, Յովհաննէս Քռնեցի, Յաղագս քերականին, Երևան, էջ 52-153 [Avagyan S. (1977), Hovhannes Kṙnets‘u «Hamarot havaqumn yaghags k‘erakanin» erki k‘erakanagitakan nshanakut‘yuny, Yovhannes Kṙnetsi, Yaghags k‘erakanin, Yerevan, ej 52–153]:
Արուեստ Դիոնիսեայ քերականի (2008), Ն. Ադոնց, Երկեր, Գ հ., Երևան, էջ 1-76 [Aruest Dioniseay k‘erakani (2008), N. Adonts, Erker, G h., Yerevan, ej 1–76]:
Գալանոս Կղ. (1645), Քերական և տրամաբանական ներածութիւն առ յիմաստասիրութիւնն շահելոյ, Հռոմ [Galanos Kgh. (1645), K‘erakan ew tramabanakan nerats‘ut‘iwn ar himastasirut‘iwnə shahelōy, Hṙom]:
Դաւիթ Քերական (1956), Մեկնութիւն Քերականին, Գ․ Ջահուկյան, Դավթի քերականական աշխատության նորահայտ ամբողջական ձեռագիր տեքստը, Բանբեր Մատենադարանի, 3, էջ 241-264 [Davit‘ K‘erakan (1956), Meknut‘iwn K‘erakanin, G. Jahukyan, Davt‘i k‘erakanakan ashxatut‘yan norahayt amboghjakan jeragir tekstə, Banber Matenadarani, 3, ej 241–264]:
Խաչիկյան Լ․ (1977), «Քռնայի հոգևոր-մշակութային կենտրոնը և Հովհաննես Քռնեցու գիտական գործունեությունը», Յովհաննէս Քռնեցի, Յաղագս քերականին, Երևան, էջ 5-51 [Khachikyan L. (1977), «Kṙnayi hogevor-mshakut‘ayin kentrony yev Hovhannes Kṙnets‘u gitakan gortsuneut‘yuny», Yovhannes Kṙnetsi, Yaghags k‘erakanin, Yerevan, ej 5–51]:
Կոստանդնուպոլսեցի Յ. (1674), Զտութիւն հայկաբանութեան կամ քերականութիւն հայկական, Հռոմ [Kostandnupolsets‘i Y. (1674), Ztut‘iwn haykabanut‘ean kam k‘erakanut‘iwn haykakan, Hṙom]:
Ջահուկյան Գ. (1954), Քերականական և ուղղագրական աշխատությունները հին և միջնադարյան Հայաստանում, Երևան [Jahukyan G. (1954), K‘erakanakan ew uġġagrakan ashxatutyunnerə hin ew mijinadaryan Hayastanum, Yerevan]:
Սեբաստացի Մխ․ (1730), Քերականութիւն գրաբառի լեզուի Հայկազան սեռի, Վենետիկ [Sebastatsi Mkh. (1730), K‘erakanut‘iwn grabaṙi lezui Haykazan seṙi, Venetik]:
Սիրունյան Տ. (2017), Հովհաննես Քռնեցու քերականական երկի սահմանումների լատիներեն նախօրինակները, Բանբեր Մատենադարանի, 24, էջ 122-140 [Sirunyan T. (2017), Hovhannes Kṙnets‘u k‘erakanakan erki sahmanumneri latinerēn naxōrinaknerə, Banber Matenadarani, 24, ej 122–140]։
Սիրունյան Տ. (2019), Բարդուղիմեոս Մարաղացու տրամաբանության լատիներեն աղբյուրները. «Դիալեկտիկա» և "Summulae Logicales", Էջմիածին, 2019, Զ, էջ 44-66, Է, էջ 106-119 [Sirunyan T. (2019), Bardughimeos Maraghats‘u tramabanut‘yan latinerēn aghbyurnery. «Dialektika» yev "Summulae Logicales", Ejmiatsin, 2019, Z, ej 44–66, E, ej 106–119]։
Սրվանձտյան Գ. (1874), Հնոց եւ նորոց պատմութիւն վասն Դաւթի եւ Մովսէսի Խորենացւոյ, Կ. Պոլիս [Srvandztyan G. (1874), Hnoc‘ ew noroc‘ patmut‘iwn vasn Davt‘i ew Movsēsi Xorenac‘woy, K. Polis]:
Քռնեցի Յ. (1977), Յաղագս քերականին, Երևան [Kṙnetsi Y. (1977), Yaghags k’erakanin, Yerevan]:
Мурадян Г. (2025), Армянская грамматика Ованнеса Крнеци (1347) и ее латинские источники, Вопросы Языкознания, 3, стр. 130-144 [Muradyan G., (2025), Armianskaya grammatika Ovannesa Krnetsi (1347) i ee latinskie istochniki, Voprosy Yazykoznaniya, 3, str. 130-144].
Aristotle (1938). Categories. On Interpretation. Prior Analytics, Loeb Classical Library 325. Cambridge.
Aristotle (1960), Posterior Analytics, Topica, Loeb Classical Library 391. Cambridge.
Boethius, Intruductio ad syllogismos categoricos։ https://digiliblt.uniupo.it/teidocs/idno/DLT000056/build/pdf (հասանելի էր 13 ապրիլի, 2026):
David the Invincible (2010), Commentary on Aristotle’s Prior Analytics (Philosophia Antiqua 122, Commentaria in Aristotelem Armeniaca: Davidis Opera 2), Old Armenain Text with an English Translation, Introduction and Commentary by Aram Topchyan, Leiden–Boston.
David the Invincible (2015), Commentary on Porphyry’s Isagoge (Philosophia Antiqua 137, Commentaria in Aristotelem Armeniaca: Davidis Opera 3), Old Armenian text with the Greek original, and English translation, introduction and notes by Gohar Muradyan. Leiden-Boston.
Cowe P. (2020), The Role of Priscian’s Institutiones Grammaticae in Informing Yovhannēs K‘rnec‘i’s Innovative Account of Armenian Grammar with regard to Terminology, Classification, and Organization with Special Focus on his Investigation of Syntax, in Revue des études arméniennes, 39, p. 91–121.
Oudenrijn M.-A. van den (1960), Linguae Haicanae Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum Congregationis Fratrum Unitorum et FF. Armenorum Ord. S. Basilii citra Mare consistentium quotquot huc usque innotuerunt, Bern.
Oudenrijn M.-A. van den (1982), Notes sur quelques ouvrages Armeniens de provenance Dominicaine, Բազմավէպ, 1-2, էջ 53-67 [Bazmavep, 1-2, ej 53-67].
Peter of Spain (1972) (Petrus Hispanus Portugalensis), Tractatus, called afterwards Summule Logicales. First Critical Edition from the Manuscripts with an Introduction by L. M. de Rijk, Assen.
Priscianus (1855), Institutiones grammaticae, Libri I-XII, ex recensione M. Hertzii, Lipsiae.
Quintilian (1996), Institutio Oratoria, I-III, Loeb Classical Library 124, Cambridge.
Seppänen M. (2014), Defining the art of grammar: Ancient perceptions of γραμματική and grammatical, Turku.
Համառոտագրություն
ՄՄ – Մաշտոցի անվ. Մատենադարան, ձեռ. 69, Ժողովածոյ, գրիչ՝ ֆրա Յոհան Քռնայեցի, Ճահուկ, 1401 թ., 266ա-346բ (Մայր ցուցակ հայերէն ձեռագրաց Մաշտոցի անուան Մատենադարանի, հտ. Ա., կազմեցին՝ Օ. Եգանյան, Ա. Զեյթունյան, Փ. Անթաբյան, Երևան, 1984, էջ 282-284) [MM – Maštoc‘i anv. Matenadaran, jer. 69, Žoġovats‘oy, grich fra Yohann Kṙnayec‘i, Čahuk, 1401 t‘., 266a–346b (Mayr ts‘uts‘ak hayeren jeragrac‘ Maštoc‘i anvan Matenadarani, h. A, kazmets‘in՝ O. Eganian, A. Zeyt‘unian, P‘. Ant‘abyan, Yerevan, 1984, ej 282–284)]:
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Linguistics
Hedging as a Linguopragmatic and Communicative Strategy: Theoretical Foundations and Discursive Manifestations
AbstractHedges constitute an indispensable part of interpersonal communication as they enable speakers to show caution, form statements with purposive uncertainty, and reduce the degree of commitment. The article provides classical and modern theoretical perspectives that underline communicative roles of hedging. Meanwhile, it analyzes the influence of cognitive and socio-psychological factors on the choice and use of hedges. The research aims to give a comprehensive explanation of what hedges are and how they are used in communication, not only in the context of the linguistic framework, but also of speech culture and social interaction. The paper also addresses the impact of hedges on the semantic strength of an utterance, the impression of its truth value, and the proportion of interpersonal relations. A discourse-based analysis of Donna Tartt’s “The Goldfinch” focuses on the use of hedges in the speech of different characters, their pragmatic functions, and their contribution to the development of communicative strategies. The findings indicate that the use of hedges varies across different contexts and that they play a crucial role in ensuring communicative effectiveness.
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Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press.
Clemen, G. (1997). The concept of hedging: Origins, approaches and definitions. In R. Markkanen & H. Schröder (Eds.), Hedging and discourse: Approaches to the analysis of a pragmatic phenomenon in academic texts (pp. 235-248). Walter de Gruyter.
Tartt, D. (2013). The Goldfinch. Little, Brown and Company.
Fraser, B. (1975). Hedged performatives. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics (Vol. 3, pp. 187-210). Academic Press.
Fraser, B. (1980). Conversational mitigation. Journal of Pragmatics, 4(4), 341-350.
Hinkel, E. (2008). Hedging, inflating, and persuading in L2 academic writing. Applied Language Learning, 18(2), 1-24.
Homles, J. (1984). Hedging your bets and sitting on the fence: Some evidence for hedges as support structures. Te Reo, 27, 47-62.
House, J., & Kasper, G. (1981). Politeness markers in English and German. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), Conversational routine (pp. 157-185). Mouton.
Hübler, A. (1983). Understatements and hedges in English. John Benjamins.
Hyland, K. (1996). Talking to the academy: Forms of hedging in science research articles. Written Communication, 13(2), 251-281.
Lakoff, G. (1972). Hedges: A study in meaning criteria and the logic of fuzzy concepts. Chicago Linguistic Society Papers, 8, 183-228.
Markkanen, R., & Schröder, H. (1989). Hedging and discourse: Approaches to the analysis of a pragmatic phenomenon in academic texts. Walter de Gruyter.
Markkanen, R., & Schröder, H. (1992). Hedging in academic discourse. In R. Markkanen & H. Schröder (Eds.), Hedging and discourse (pp. 3-18). Walter de Gruyter.
Prince, E. F., Frader, J., & Bosk, C. (1982). On hedging in physician-physician discourse. In R. J. Di Pietro (Ed.). Linguistics and the professions (pp. 83-97). Ablex.
Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive representations of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104(3), 192-233.
Skelton, J. (1988). The care and maintenance of hedges. ELT Journal, 42(1), 37-43.
Tsuk, J. (1986). Hedging in news discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 10(3), 345-358.
Weinreich, U. (1966). Explorations in semantic theory. In T. Sebeok (Ed.), Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 3, pp. 395-477). Mouton.
Zadeh, L. A. (1965). Fuzzy sets. Information and Control, 8(3), 338-353.
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Linguistics
Encouragement as a Manifestation of Sincere or Insincere Positive Evaluation.
AbstractThis article examines encouragement as an important component of speech behavior and etiquette, as a manifestation of sincere or insincere positive evaluation. Positive evaluations used in communication, such as praise, compliments, and flattery, are analyzed, demonstrating their role in the formation and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. The influence of speech etiquette on communicative behavior is discussed. Encouraging statements do not always express the speaker's true attitude; sometimes they are determined by rules of politeness or communicative goals. The article presents various types of encouragement, their motives, and functions depending on the social status of the participants in the communication, the nature of the relationship, and the communicative situation. Particular attention is given to the contrast between sincere and false positive evaluations, as well as the fact that praise and flattery can be used in social, political, and everyday communication. The study is based on the descriptive method.
References1.Holmes J. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London: Longman, 1992.
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Arutyunova N.D., Paducheva E.V. Istoki, problemy i kategorii pragmatiki // Novoe v zarubezhnoi lingvistike. Vyp. 16. Lingvisticheskaya pragmatika. M.: Progress, 1985, s. 3–42.
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Vasil’eva A.N. Osnovy kul’tury rechi. M.: Russkii yazyk, 1990.
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Vol’f E.M. Funktsional’naya semantika otsenki. M.: Nauka, 1985.
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Ermakova O.P., Zemskaya E.A. K postroeniyu tipologii kommunikativnykh neudach // Russkii yazyk v ego funktsionirovanii: Kommunikativno-pragmaticheskii aspekt. M.: Nauka, 1993, s. 30–64.
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Sidorova E.V. Osnovy kommunikativnoi lingvistiki. M.: VKI, 1986.
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Serebrennikov B.A. Sotsial’naya differentsiatsiya yazyka // Obshchee yazykoznanie: Formy sushchestvovaniya, funktsii, istoriya yazyka. M., 1970.
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Pocheptsov G.G. Slushatel’ i ego rol’ v aktakh rechevogo obshcheniya // Yazykovoe obshchenie: Edinitsy i regulyativy: Mezhvuz. sb. nauch. trudov. Kalinin, KGU, 1987, s. 26–38.
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Fedosyuk M.Yu. Semanticheskaya struktura vyskazyvaniya i implitsitnaya predikatsiya v tekste // Struktura i semantika teksta. Voronezh: Izd-vo Voronezh. un-ta, 1988, s. 84–92
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Shakhovskii V.I. Emotivnaya semantika slova kak kommunikativnaya sushchnost’ // Kommunikativnye aspekty znacheniya. Volgograd: Volgogr. ped. in-t, 1990, s. 242–249.
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Linguistics
From Manuscript to Print: The Evolution of Bakunts’s Style in the Artistic Refinement of the Story “Alpine Violet”
AbstractThis article presents, for the first time, a comparative examination of the autograph (13 pages) of A. Bakunts's short story "Alpine Violet" and its final, substantially revised version published in the 1933 collection The Sower of Black Fields. The study isolates and analyzes the linguistic and stylistic modifications that gradually reveal the evolution of the author's literary style. An investigation of Bakunts's creative workshop demonstrates that he elevated the traditions of Tumanyan and Terian to a new level of artistic development. The author's poetic language draws nourishment from the national forms of Armenian, yet through his painterly and creative reworking, these forms acquire greater colorfulness, lyricism, and freshness of tone and atmosphere. The master of language simplifies modes of expression while simultaneously intensifying and deepening the underlying thought. At times he imparts universal overtones to the narrative, achieving broad artistic generalizations. In the final version, the writer condenses the semantic richness of the story, deepens the psychological analysis of the characters' movement toward silence, and further reveals their spiritual traits. It is most readily demonstrated at the lexical level: in depicting nature, the human being, and the surrounding world, Bakunts frequently personifies silence and expands its semantic field by employing a wide range of synonyms in both literal and figurative senses.
ReferencesԱղայան Էդ., Արդի հայերենի բացատրական բառարան, 1-2-րդ հատորներ, Երևան, 1976, 1615 էջ։
Աթաբեկյան Ս., Ակսել Բակունց. Պատմվածքի վիպական աշխարհը, Երևան, 1996, 306 էջ։
Ակսել Բ., «Մթնաձոր» ժողովածու, Երևան, 1927, 183 էջ։
Ակսել Բ, «Սև ցելերի սերմնացանը», Երևան, 1933, 188 էջ։
Ակսել Բ., Երկեր չորս հատորով, հ. I , Երևան, 1976, 670 էջ։
Ավետիսյան Զ. Գեղարվեստական մտածողության հետքերով, Երևան, 1985, 158 էջ։
Ավետիսյան Յու., Արևմտահայ բանաստեղծների ստեղծագործական մշակումների լեզվաոճական վերլուծություններ, Երևան, 2012, 115 էջ։
Իշխանյան Ռ., Բակունցի լեզվական արվեստը, Երևան, 1965, 238 էջ:
Կարապենց Հ., Երկու աշխարհ.Գրական փորձարարություններ, Բոստոն,1992, 403 էջ:
Մելքոնյան Ս., Հովհ. Թումանյանը և արևելահայ գեղարվեստական գրականության լեզուն, Երևան, 1986, 319 էջ։
Ներսիսյան Ն., Շարահյուսական կառույցները և դրանց ոճական արժեքը Ակսել Բակունցի պատմվածքներում, Երևան, 2008,122 էջ։
Грифцов Б. А., Психология писателья, Москва, Художественная литература, 1988, 462 с.
Երևանի գրականության և արվեստի թանգարան, Ակսել Բակունցի ֆոնդ. 69։ «Խորհրդային Հայաստան» օրաթերթ, Երևան, 1927, 1 հունվարի և 4 հունվարի:
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Linguistics
Yoga Terminology in Armenian: Features and Issues of Its Localization
AbstractIn the modern world, under conditions of globalization, languages are in constant interaction with one another, as a result of which terminology from cultural, scientific, and various other domains penetrates from one language into others.
One such domain is yoga, which originated in India and has now become widespread across the world. Along with the global dissemination of yoga, its terminological system has also developed in various languages, predominantly of Sanskrit origin.
In Armenian, yoga terminology likewise consists of direct or mediated borrowings from Sanskrit and has undergone only limited linguistic analysis.
The aim of this study is to examine the features of the introduction, usage, and localization of yoga terminology in Armenian, in comparison with English and Russian.
The research is based on contemporary linguistic approaches to vocabulary development, morphology, and semantics.
Although Sanskrit borrowings continue to predominate in modern languages, the creation of native equivalents plays an important role in enhancing the comprehensibility of terms and their perception by the general public. Therefore, the systematic study and standardization of yoga terminology represent an important task in Armenian linguistics, which this research aims to address.ReferencesԱրդի հայերենի բառապաշարի զարգացման հիմնախնդիրներ(հոդվածների ժողովածու), (2020) Երևան (Ardi hayereni barapashari zargacman himnaxndirner (hodvatsneri zhoxovatsu), (2020), Yerevan):
Ավետիսյան Յու. և այլք (2014): Հայոց լեզու և խոսքի մշակույթ, գիրք Ա, Երևան
(Avetisyan Yu. ev aylq (2014): Hayoc lezu ev xosqi mshakuyt, girq A, Yerevan):
Ավետիսյան Յու. և այլք (2015): Հայոց լեզու և խոսքի մշակույթ, գիրք Բ, Երևան
(Avetisyan Yu. ev aylq (2015): Hayoc lezu ev xosqi mshakuyt, girq B, Yerevan):
Ավետիսյան Յու., Թելյան Լ., Սարգսյան Լ.(2020): Արդի հայերենի բառապաշարը, Երևան (Avetisyan Yu., Telyan L. (2020): Sargsyan L., Ardi hayereni barapashare, Yerevan):
Ռ. Սաղաթելյան(2021/2): Բառիմաստի ընդլայնումը որպես ֆիթնեսային տերմինների առաջացման աղբյուր, Բանբեր ԵՊՀ, Երևան, 72-79էջեր (Saghatelyan R., (2021/2): Barimasti yndlajnumy vorpes fitnesajin terminneri arajacman axbjur, EPH, Yerevan, 72-79 ejer):
Кубрякова, Е. С.(2004). Лексическое значение слова. Проблемы семантики и словообразования. Москва. Русский язык.
Кузнецова П.А. .(2025). Особенности перевода эквивалентов спортивной терминологии с английского на русский язык, Вестник науки, N÷6(87),Том1:
Marchand, H.(1969). The categories and types of present-day English word-formation. C. H. Beck.
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Linguistics
The Stylistic Value of Words Denoting Clothing
AbstractWords denoting clothing comprise part of common vocabulary, the are used in all functional styles of a language and all splurges. These words are hugely important for everyone regardless of their education, position, age, gender etc. The prevailing view in Armenian stylishness, according to which words denoting clothing are constants of the neutral layer, is that they are not stylistically marked, which means they lack emotional and expressive coloring. Words of neutral layer, as dictionary entries also leave a denotative value, not more. However, when these words are employed in different vocabulary sets, appear in the works of various talented writers, they acquire figurative meanings, stylistically mark the speech, express different stylistic, emotional shades, and finally represent a great artistic value.
References1. Axayan Ed., Ardi hajereni bacatrakan bararan, Er., 1973:
2. Araqelyan V., «Anlreli zangakatun», poemi woshakan aransnahatkutyunnery, «Sovetakan grakanutyun» tiv 1, Er., 1963:
3. Grigoryan S., Hajereni gunanunnery ev nranc lezvavoshakan arjeqy, Er., 1998, ej 117:
4. Ezekyan L., Raffu stexsagorsutyunneri lezun, Er., 1975, ej 176:
5. Ezekyan L., Voshagitutyun, Er., 2003, ej 123:
6. Melqonyan S., Aknarkner hajoc lezvi wshabanutyan, Er,m 1984, ej 28:
7. Jrbashyan Ed, Grakanutyan tesutyun, Er., 1980, ej 245:
8. Suqiasyan A., Jamanakakic hajoc lezu, 1982:
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Linguistics
The Stylistic Significance of Nominal Phrases in the Poetry of Paruyr Sevak
AbstractThis article offers the first comprehensive study of the stylistic, expressive potential and functions of nominal phrases in the poetry of Paruyr Sevak. Within the system of Sevak's poetic lexicon, the majority of these phrases cease to be merely syntactic units carrying purely nominal meaning; instead, they transform into vital artistic devices that complement and solidify the figurative system of his poetry, acquiring semantic layers, emotional undercurrents, and ideological depth. The metaphorical and symbolic phrases created by the author contribute to an accurate perception of his worldview, aesthetic principles, and the psychological foundations of his artistic discourse. Expressions such as "warm snow," "scraps of dreams," "carnal shirt," "sweet weeping," "the hand of the sweeper-wind," "smokeless fire," and the like demonstrate that nominal phrases serve as foundational image-building tools in Sevak's poetry.
ReferencesAbeghyan M., Hayots lezvi tesutyun, HSSH GA hrat., Yer., 1965, 699 ej:
Arak’elyan V., Hayereni sharahyusutyun, h. 1, GA hrat., Yer., 1958, 466 ej:
Asatryan M., Zhamanakakits hayots lezu (sharhyusutyun), YEPH hrat., Yer., 1987, 368 ej:
Yeze kyan L., Vochagitutyun, YEPH hrat., 2003, 376 ej:
Yezekyan L., Hayots lezu, YEPH hrat., 2007, 402 ej:
Melk’onyan S., Aknarkner hayots lezvi vochabanut’yan, Luys hrat., 1984, 248 ej:
Poghosyan P., Khosk’i mshakuyt’i yev vochagitut’yan himunk’ner, Yer. hamalsarani hrat., 1990, 424 ej:
Poghosyan P., Hayots lezu, YEPH hrat., 1969, 253 ej:
Sevak P., Yerkeri zhoghovatsu 6 hatorov, hator 1, Hayastan hrat., Yer., 1972, 526 ej; hator 2, Yer., 1972, 472 ej; hator 3, Yer., 1973, 344 ej; hator 4, Yer., 1973, 326 ej; hator 6, Yer., 1976, 448 ej:
Papoyan A., Paruyr Sevaki chap’atsoyi lezvakan arvesty, Yer., Luys hrat., 1970, 322 ej:
Journalism
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Journalism
Advertising As A Model Of Eco-Communication In Haykanush Mark’s Tsaghik Magazine: A Cultural Studies Perspective
AbstractThe present study examines the advertising section of Tsaghik (Flower), the periodical edited by Haykanush Mark and published in Constantinople between 1905 and 1907, with the aim of revealing the distinctive characteristics of advertising as a communicative, cultural, and value-producing phenomenon. The primary objectives of the research are to analyze the structural features of advertising messages, identify the social functions of educational, philanthropic, publishing, and commercial advertisements, and explore their role in shaping the emerging social image of women, cultural identity, and community values. The actuality of this study lies in its conceptualization of press advertising not merely as a source of economic information but as a communicative system that constructs social perceptions and cultural values. Its scientific novelty is reflected in the application of the Humanitarian Advertising Ecosystem Analysis (HAEA) model, an ecosystem-based discourse analytical framework that conceptualizes advertising as a dynamic environment for the production of social relations, cultural memory, and public values. The research adopts an interdisciplinary approach, integrating perspectives from advertising studies, communication theory, cultural studies, social history, and gender studies. Methodologically, it employs critical discourse analysis, semiotic analysis, historical-cultural interpretation, and comparative analysis to investigate the communicative functions and cultural significance of advertising discourse. The findings demonstrate that the advertisements published in Tsaghik promoted not only products, services, and institutions but also constructed ideals of the educated woman, the prosperous family, a reading public, and modern urban life. Consequently, advertising functioned as an influential communicative instrument in the formation of the cultural identity of the Armenian community in Constantinople and in the articulation of its shared social and cultural values.
ReferencesPrimary Source
Tsaghik (1905–1907). Edited by Haykanush Mark. Constantinople. Armenian women’s literary, educational, and socio-cultural periodical.
Scholarly Literature
Assmann, J. (1992). Das kulturelle Gedächtnis: Schrift, Erinnerung und politische Identität in frühen Hochkulturen. München: C.H. Beck.
Barthes, R. (1977). Image, Music, Text. Translated by Stephen Heath. London: Fontana Press.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. In: Richardson, J. G. (Ed.). Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood Press, pp. 241–258.
Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. London: Longman.
Habermas, J. (1989). The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Translated by Thomas Burger with Frederick Lawrence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hall, S. (1980). Encoding/Decoding. In: Hall, S., Hobson, D., Lowe, A., & Willis, P. (Eds.). Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972–79. London: Hutchinson, pp. 128–138.
Jhally, S. (1987). The Codes of Advertising: Fetishism and the Political Economy of Meaning in the Consumer Society. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Scott, J. W. (1986). Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis. The American Historical Review, 91(5), pp. 1053–1075.
Williamson, J. (1978). Decoding Advertisements: Ideology and Meaning in Advertising. London: Marion Boyars.
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Journalism
Educational Issues Reflected in Armenian Pedagogical Periodicals
AbstractThe essence of the issue discussed in the article. The topic of education has always been and remains within the centre of public attention and concern. As a pressing issue, it has been considered on various platforms, most often within the circles of professional community, in academic literature, and the press. The aim of this article is to comprehensively examine and analytically present reflections on this issue, particularly in a number of Armenian pedagogical periodicals published in the second half of the 19th century (“Haykakan Ashkharh,” “Dastiarak,” “Dprots,” “Mankavarzhakan Tert,” “Mankavarzhanots,” “Varzharan”), as well as to assess their role in the development of the Armenian pedagogical science.
Relevance of the topic. Regardless of development stage, a person—especially a child as a developing and socializing individual—needs comprehensive attention and support, educational guidance and advice from parents and professionals, and more. In this regard, the topic under consideration is relevant, and the issue examined is ever-present.
ReferencesԳյուլամիրյան Ջ. Հ., Խաղալով սովորենք, Եր., «Զանգակ-97», 2009, 80 էջ: (Gyulamiryan J. H., Khaghalov sovorenq, Er., «Zangak-97», 2009, 80 ej):
Կոմենսկի Յ. Ա., Մեծ դիդակտիկա, Երևան, «Զանգակ-97», 2010, 432 էջ: (Komenski Y. A., Mets didaktika, Yerevan, «Zangak-97», 2010, 432 ej):
Հարությունյան Գ., Արևելահայ մանկավարժական միտքը 19-րդ դարի երկրորդ կեսին, Երևան, 1978, 106 էջ: (Harutyunyan G., Arevelahay mankavardzakan mitqy 19-rd dari erkrord kesin, Yerevan, 1978, 106 ej):
Հարությունյան Ն. Կ., Ղազարյան Ա. Փ., Ղուկասյան Լ. Հ., Սոցիալական մանկավարժություն (բուհական ձեռնարկ), Ե., ԵՊՀ հրատ., 2017, 236 էջ: (Harutyunyan N. K., Ghazaryan A. P., Ghukasyan L. H., Sotsialakan mankavardzutyun (buhakan dzernark), Y., EPH hrat., 2017, 236 ej):
Մախչանյան Հ., Մանուկյան Ալ., Մանկավարժության ընդհանուր հիմունքներ, Ե., 1997, 220 էջ: (Makhchanyan H., Manukyan Al., Mankavardzutyan yndhanur himunqner, Y., 1997, 220 ej):
Սիմոնյան Ց., Ակնարկներ հայ դպրոցի և մանկավարժական մտքի պատմության, Եր., 1974, 258 էջ: (Simonyan Ts., Akharnkner hay dprotsi yev mankavardzakan mtqi patmutyan, Er., 1974, 258 ej):
Սուխոմլինսկի Վ. Ա., Սիրտս նվիրում եմ երեխաներին: Կոլեկտիվ դաստիարակելու մեթոդիկա (Թարգմ.՝ Վ. Թ. Սուքիասյան և ուրիշներ), Ե., «Լույս», 1986, 551 էջ: (Sukhomlinski V. A., Sirts nvirovm em yerexanerín: Kolektiv dastiarakelou metodika (Targm.՝ V. T. Sukiasyan yev urishner), Y., «Luys», 1986, 551 ej):
Подласый И. П. Педагогика: Учебник. — М.: Высшее образование, 2006. — 540 с. (Podlasy I. P. Pedagogika: Uchebnik. — M.: Vysshee obrazovanie, 2006. — 540 s).
http://gatchina3000.ru/great-soviet-encyclopedia/bse/087/593.htm:
Պարբերական մամուլ Parberakan mamul
«Աղբյուր», Թիֆլիս, 1890, թիվ 4: («Aghbyur», Tiflis, 1890, tiv 4):
«Դաստիարակ», Թեոդոսիա, 1873, թիվ 1: («Dastiarak», Teodosia, 1873, tiv 1):
«Դպրոց», Էջմիածին, 1874, թիվ 2, 3, 4-5: («Dprots», Ejmiatsin, 1874, tiv 2, 3, 4-5):
«Հայկական աշխարհ», Շուշի, 1875, թիվ 1: («Haykakan ashkharh», Shushi, 1875, tiv 1) «Մանկավարժական թերթ», Թիֆլիս, 1878, թիվ 2: («Mankavardzakan t’ert», Tiflis, 1878, tiv 2):
«Մանկավարժական թերթ», Թիֆլիս, 1879, թիվ 7, 8: («Mankavardzakan t’ert», Tiflis, 1879, tiv 7, 8):
«Մանկավարժանոց», Թիֆլիս, 1884, թիվ 1, 4: («Mankavardzanots», Tiflis, 1884, tiv 1, 4):
«Մանկավարժանոց», Թիֆլիս, 1887, թիվ 1: («Mankavardzanots», Tiflis, 1887, tiv 1):
«Վարժարան», Թիֆլիս, 1882, թիվ 1-2, 3: («Varzharan», Tiflis, 1882, tiv 1-2, 3):
«Վարժարան», Թիֆլիս, 1883, թիվ 9, 10: («Varzharan», Tiflis, 1883, tiv 9, 10):
«Վարժարան», Թիֆլիս, 1884, թիվ 4, 5: («Varzharan», Tiflis, 1884, tiv 4, 5):
