Vol. 15 No. 1 (40) (2024)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU:C/2024.15.1
Published: 2024-06-06

Full Issue

THEORY AND HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW

  • THEORY AND HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW

    "Law-Based" and "Authorizing Norm" Conditions for Adopting a Sub-Legislative Act and Their Correlation.

    Artur Ghambaryan
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    Abstract

    In this article examines the general characteristics of the "law-based" and "authorizing norm" conditions for adopting a sub-legislative act and their correlation in RA constitutional law, taking into account the existing knowledge and experience in the German and Russian doctrines on the above topic as well as the clarity of defining the cases regulated by the by-law, the method of expressing the will to adopt a by-law and the prohibition of self-authorization to adopt a by-law. The modernity of the choosen topic due to the lack of systematic interpretation of the legislative base for the adoption of a sub-legislative act by the bodies of the executive power leading to non-compliance of the corresponding terms, presence of bugs, incorrect interpretation of the functions of executive power bodies and other legal problems. As a result of the study of the topic, it can be concluded that the prohibition of self-authorization and the condition "on the basis of law" apply in the RA legal system, and the adoption of a sub-legislative act for the bodies of the executive power is a legal form of exercising the relevant functional powers defined by the law, which can be resolved only through acts of a normative nature.

    References

    Рихтер И., Шупперт Г. Ф. «Судебная практика по административному праву». пер. с нем.: Юристъ, 2000, ISBN: 5-7975-0338-7., էջ. 24-34;

    Волкова С. Н. Регламентарные акты и их место в системе нормативных правовых актов, Сибирский юридический вестник, 2013, № 4 (63), էջ 11-12;

    Чухвичев В. Д. Законодательная техника: учебное пособие, М., ISBN: 978-5-238-02248-2 (в пер.), 2006, էջ 65;э

    Дубровин В.Н. Конституции зарубежных стран, М., Юрлитинформ, 2001, ISBN: 5-93295-036-6, էջ 151։

    Лундмарк Т.О. Очерки сравнительного правоведения, СПб, Алеф-Пресс, 2022, ISBN: 978-5-9059-6600-21, էջ 439;

    Шустров Д. Г. Между Сциллой и Харибдой: конституционный контроль за поправками к Конституции и политика, Вестник Московского университета, Серия 11: Право, 2019, № 2, էջ 94։

    Ա․ Ղամբարյան, Ենթաօրենսդրական ակտեր ընդունելու լիազորություն ունեցող մարմինների նույնականացումը ՀՀ-ում, Օրինականություն, 2023, № 133, ISSN 1829-4219, էջեր 61-101;

    Գ. Հովհաննիսյան, Ընդհանուր իրավագիտություն և իրավաբա¬նա¬կան մեթոդաբանություն, Եր., 2020, ISBN: 978-9939-1-1108-7, էջ 113;

    Պողոսյան Վ․, Սարգսյան Ն․, Հայաստանի Հանրապետության 2015թ. խմբա-գրությամբ Սահմանադրությունը. համառոտ պարզաբանումներ, Եր․, Տիգրան Մեծ, 2016, ISBN: 978-99941-0-772-8, էջ 30։

    «Ժողովրդավարություն` իրավունքի միջոցով» եվրոպական հանձնաժողով, ՀՀ Սահմանադրության փոփոխությունների նախագծի 1-7-րդ և 10-րդ գլուխների վերաբերյալ նախնական կարծիք, Ստրասբուրգ, 2015, CDL-PI (2015)015rev;

    «Երեխայի իրավունքների և երեխայի պաշտպանության համակարգի մասին» օրենքի նախագիծ;

    «Գյուղատնտեսության ոլորտին տրամադրվող վարկերի սուբսիդավորման մասին» (փաստաթղթային կոդ՝ Պ-1073-27.09.2016-ՖՎ-010/0) ՀՀ օրենքի նախագծի վերաբերյալ եզրակացություն;

    Հայաստանի Հանրապետության 2015 թվականի խմբագրությամբ Սահմանադրությունը;

    «Տեղական ինքնակառավարման մարմինների մասին» ՀՀ օրենք;

    «Ժողովրդավարություն` իրավունքի միջոցով» եվրոպական հանձնաժողով, ՀՀ Սահմանադրության փոփոխությունների նախագծի 1-7-րդ և 10-րդ գլուխների վերաբերյալ նախնական կարծիք, Ստրասբուրգ, 2015, CDL-PI (2015)015rev;

    «Տարածքային կառավարման մասին» ՀՀ օրենք;

    «Գյուղատնտեսության ոլորտին տրամադրվող վարկերի սուբսիդավորման մասին» (փաստաթղթային կոդ՝ Պ-1073-27.09.2016-ՖՎ-010/0) ՀՀ օրենք:

  • THEORY AND HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW

    Conceptual Issues of the Necessity of the Legal Formation Stage and the Prerequisites for Implementation in the RA.

    Hayk Martirosyan
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    Abstract

    Improving the quality of legal norms has a significant impact on the process of forming a strategic and programmatic state through the improvement of the quality of life of society representatives, the comfort of life, and the development of legal awareness. From the point of view of the realization of the goal, it is important to develop and implement the tools and substantive proposals that will lead to the improvement of the quality of legal norms. Ensuring broad public involvement in the process of forming legal norms, introducing real and realistic mechanisms that will take into account the best foreign experience, localizing it to local conditions and public demands, is of primary importance in this matter. Legal formation deserves special attention as the primary stage of rule-making, which in terms of content is the set of steps for the study, analysis, evaluation, public opinion, public demands, opinions, positions regarding the formation of public opinion, that is, the set of steps to raise legal awareness. The law-making phase operates in a different format and with the effectiveness and degree of influence in the context of different sources of law. Thus, in the countries of the Anglo-Saxon legal system, legal custom as a source of law is widely used in administrative and legal relations, from civil law relations to business circulation relations. It should be noted that in the Anglo-Saxon legal system, the most important and widely applicable tool of the law-making phase is also the operation of lobby organizations, whose operations are related not only to the operation of different national communities, but also to the operation of social communities. However, the activity of the latter is actively combined with the work of brain centers.

    References

    Нерсисянц В.С. Проблемы государства и права, М. 1999.( Nersisyants V.S. Problems of state and law, M. 1999)

    Петюкова О.Н. Общественная экспертиза законодательства как форма воздействия организаций и государства. Журнал общество и право, 2016.(Petyukova O.N. Public examination of legislation as a form of influence of organizations and the state. Journal of Society and Law, 2016.)

    Бахвалов С.В. О проблемах юридической ответственности за надлежащее качество принимаемых законов., научная статья.(Bakhvalov S.V. On the problems of legal responsibility for the proper quality of adopted laws., scientific article)

    Ruthers/Fischer/Birk, Rechstheorle, 2018, Rn.938.

    Prof Dr Patricia Popelier. A legal perspective on regulatory impact assessments. University of Antwerp.

    https://www.scitepress.org/Papers/2018/100525/100525.pdf

  • THEORY AND HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW

    Some Key Issues for Understanding and Interpreting Criminal Procedure Rules Limiting Property Rights.

    Karen Amiryan
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    Abstract

    The purpose of the article is to analyze a number of issues related to the legitimacy of restrictions on property rights as prescribed by the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia. The article refers to a number of regulations related to the material grounds and procedures for imposing attachment on the assets as prescribed by Chapters 15 and 39 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia dated June 30, 2021, which are perceived and interpreted in different ways. In other words, the article aims to present the issues that have arisen in law enforcement practice. In this sense, the article is also relevant, since the presented approaches may be of interest to the students, lawyers, law enforcement authorities, and judges.

    The article is dedicated to a number of problems related to the legality of decisions to recognize property of alleged criminal origin as physical evidence, which are encountered in legal practice.

    In the second part of the article, the discussed issues such as the removal of prohibited property under the conditions of the former Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia under the conditions of the current Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia, making a note of the sufficient value of the property with the decision to prohibit the property (the second part of the Article will be published in the "Legality" of the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Armenia in the periodical).

    References

    Օգտագործված գրականության ցանկ

    ՀՀ Սահմանադրություն, 2015 թվականի փոփոխություններով (Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, 2015)։

    ՀՀ քրեական դատավարության օրենսգիրք, ընդունված 2021 թվականի հունիսի 30-ին (Criminal Procedure Code of RA, 30.06.2021):

    «Մարդու իրավունքների և հիմնարար ազատությունների պաշտպանության մասին» եվրոպական կոնվենցիա, ընդունված 1950 թվականին (European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950)։

    Մարդու իրավունքների եվրոպական դատարանի՝ Borzhonov v. Russia գործով 2009 թվականի հունվարի 22-ի վճիռը, գանգատ թիվ 18274/04, կետեր 59-60 (Borzhonov v. Russia)։

    Վռաբեկ դատարանի՝ Ա․ Հայրապետյանի գործով 2010 թվականի օգոստոսի 27-ի թիվ ԵՇԴ/0001/11/10 որոշում (Case number ԵՇԴ/0001/11/10- Cassation Court of RA) ։

    Վճռաբեկ դատարանի՝ Ա. Սեկոյանի գործով 2012 թվականի նոյեմբերի 1-ի թիվ ԵԿԴ/0185/11/11 որոշում (Case number ԵԿԴ/0185/11/11 - Cassation Court of RA):

  • THEORY AND HISTORY OF STATE AND LAW

    The Issue of the Concept of Law Enforcement Technique in the Context of Legal Technique Theory

    Sergey Kocharyan
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    Abstract

    The issues of classification legal techniques into types and
    subtypes are studied in the article, where different hypotheses of the mentioned phenomenon are
    presented and the necessity of the existence of legal technique as an independent type of legal
    technique is substantiated.
    Regarding the concept of legal technique, there are certain disagreements in the views of scholars.
    Some of them understand the legal technique only as a rule-making technique. Authors opposed
    to this approach define legal technique broadly as a set of rules, tricks, ways of preparing,
    compiling, formulating, coordinating and accounting legal documents in general.
    Based on the listed points of view, the article grouped them according to the breadth of content
    and activity coverage, and they were called broad and narrow approaches. Proponents of a narrow
    approach extend this concept only to the field of law-making and identify legal and law-making
    techniques.
    Of the various approaches to the concept of legal technique, the broad and general understanding,
    which includes other areas of legal activity, including law enforcement, was considered the most
    acceptable. The issue in question led to the separation of existing types of legal techniques, their
    classification, division into two-type and multi-type groups, which made it possible to justify the
    "right to exist" of legal technique as a separate type of legal technique.

    References

    Александров А. С. Юридическая техника – судебная лингвистика – грамматика права // Уголовное судопроизводство. 2006. № 3 (Aleksandrov A. S. Legal Technique – Forensic Linguistics – Law Grammar // Criminal Proceedings. 2006. № 3)

    Алексеев С. С. Общая теория права։ учебник – 2-ое изд., - М.։ Проспект, 2009 (Alekseev S. S. General Theory of Law: Textbook – 2nd edition, - M.: Prospekt, 2009)

    Алексеев С.С. Общая теория права: в 2 т. М., 1982. Т. 2 (Alekseev S. S. General Theory of Law: in 2 parts, M., 1982 part 2)

    Власенко Н.А. Основы законодательной техники. Иркутск, 1995 (Vlasenko N. A. Basics of Legislative Technique. Irkutsk, 1995)

    Нашиц А. Правотворчество. Теория и законодательная техника / под ред. Д.А. Керимова. - М., 1974 (Nashic A. Lawmaking. Theory and Legislative Technique / edited by D. A. Kerimova. – M., 1974)

    Томин В. А. Юридическая техника: учебное пособие - Санкт-Петербург, 2015 (Tomin V. A. Legal Technique: study guide – Saint Petersburg, 2015)

    Шагиева Р. В. Правовая деятельность и ее разновидности в современном российском обществе // Журнал российского права. – 2004. - № 10 (Shagieva R. V. Legal Activity and Its Varieties in Modern Russian Society // Russian Law Journal. – 2004. - № 10)

    Шугрина Е. С. Техника юридического письма։ учебно-практическое пособие. - М.: Издательство "Дело", 2000 (Shugrina Ye. S. Legal Writing Technique: educational and practical guide. – M.: Publishing house "Delo", 2000)

    Законотворческая техника современной России: состояние, проблемы, совершенствование. Н. Новгород, 2001 (Legislative Technique of Modern Russia: condition, problems, improvements. N. Novgorod, 2001)

    Проблемы юридической техники / под ред. В.М. Баранова. Н. Новгород, 2000 (Problems of Legal Technique / edited by V. M. Baranova. N. Novgorod, 2000)

    Проблемы теории государства и права։ учебник / под ред. В.М. Сырых. - М., 2008 (Problems of the Theory of State and Law: textbook / edited by V. M. Sirikh. – M., 2008)

    Черданцев А. Ф. Теория государства и права. - М., 1999 (Cherdancev A. F. Theory of State and Law – M., 1999)

    Кругликов Л. Л., Спиридонова О. Е. Юридические конструкции и символы в уголовном праве. СПб., 2005 (Kruglikov L. L., Spiridonova O. E. Legal Constructions and Symbols in Criminal Law. SPb., 2005)

    Кашанина Т. В. Юридическая техника․ - М., "Эксмо", 2007 (Kashanina T. V. Legal Technique. – M., "Eksmo" 2007)

    Лызлов Д. Н. Юридическая техника: учебное пособие / Д. Н. Лызлов, В. Ю. Картухин. – М.: Ось-89, 2009 (Lizlov D. N. Legal Technique: study guide / F. N. Lizlov, V. Yu. Kartukhin. – M.: Os-89, 2009)

    Суслин Э. В. Юридическая техника : учебное пособие / Э. В. Суслин. – СПб. : СЮА, 2017 (Suslin E. V. Legal Technique: study guide / E.V. Suslin – SPb SYuA, 2017)

Constitutional law

  • Constitutional law

    Systemic Conflict of the Rule of Law State and Democracy

    Vardan Ayvazyan
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    Abstract

    The article discusses the conceptual basis and practical display of the rule of law state and the legal consolidation of democracy, between which arise multi-layered systemic conflicts. The lack of a framework for their prevention and resolution causes not only chronic tension, but also a high probability of conflicts, moving these conflicts to a deeper and, accordingly, extreme level, which completely changes the legal nature and textures of not only international relations, but also the domestic system.

    These conflicts are presented with the methodology of presenting the problem in different paradigms. Systemic conflict is chosen as a methodological basis to describe the deviations that are displayed in the functioning of a democratic state. With the same logic, the article also presents systemic conflicts in the international law system.

    The article considers the system engineering of constitutionalism as a legal format and a fundamental principle as a framework for overcoming systemic conflicts, which not only clearly defines the quality standards of the state and the legal system, but also highlights deviations in its functioning. At the same time, the scientific article presents the genealogy and gradation of systemic conflicts between the rule of law and democracy, which provides an opportunity to reveal their nature at the causal level.

    References

    https://www.amerikayidzayn.com/a/7293759.html համացանցային հղումը 30.11.2023 ի դրությամբ:

    Кант. Критика чистого разума, Издательство НАУКА, М. 1999, 640 էջ: Kant. Critiqe of Pure Reason, NAUKA Publishing House, M. 1999)

    Энтони де Ясаи, Государство, Москва: Челябинск: ИРИСЭН, Социум,2016, 411 էջ: (Anthony de Yasay, State, Moscow: Chelyabinsk: IRISEN, Socium, 2016):

  • Constitutional law

    The Issue of Ensuring Reasonable Period for Appellate Proceedings in Administrative Trials

    Sayad Badalyan
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    Abstract

    The issue of simplifying the appellate proceedings and reducing the workload of the appellate court is currently one of the most relevant issues in the field of administrative trials. The study of judicial statistics proves that the period between the appeal being accepted for proceedings and the date of the first court hearing of the appeal is about 1.5 years on average. Moreover, this period tends to increase constantly. Excessively long periods for examining cases violate the rights to a fair trial within a reasonable time and effective judicial protection of rights and freedoms, as defined respectively in the Articles 63 and 61 of the RA Constitution, as well as the Articles 6 and 13 of the European Convention For the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Moreover, the European Court of Human Rights considers the unnecessarily long periods of examination of cases as evidence of the poor functioning of the judiciary. The State is not only responsible for any unnecessary delay in the trial, but it is also the latter’s obligation to reform the judiciary so that to overcome the issue of overloading the judiciary as a result of repeated but numerous cases. During past years an attempt was made to settle the subject issue by increasing the number of judges of the appellate court, but the practice shows that it did not bring the desired results. In such conditions the solution to the matter should be gained through the simplification of judicial procedures.

    Taking into account the foregoing, the article covers a number of procedural tools for reducing the workload of the appellate court (for example, limiting the right to appeal in a certain category of cases or establishing the requirement to obtain a prior court permission to file an appeal), the implementation of which in the Code of Administrative Procedure can significantly contribute to solving the issue.

    References

    Օգտագործված գրականության ցանկ

    ՀՀ Սահմանադրություն (Constitution of the RA),

    «Մարդու իրավունքների և հիմնարար ազատությունների պաշտպանության մասին» եվրոպական կոնվենցիա (European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms),

    ՀՀ վարչական դատավարության օրենսգիրք (Administrative Procedure Code of the RA),

    ՀՀ քաղաքացիական դատավարության օրենսգիրք (Civil Procedure Code of the RA),

    German Code of Administrative Court Procedure,

    Andrejeva v. Latvia, Appl. No. 55707/00, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 18 February 2009,

    Hakansson and Sturesson v․ Sweden, Appl. No. 11855/85, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 21 February 1990,

    Lupeni Greek Catholic Parish and Others v. Romania, Appl. No. 76943/11, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 29 November 2016,

    Salomonsson v. Sweden, Appl. No. 38978/97, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 12 November 2002,

    Stanev v. Bulgaria, Appl. No. 36760/06, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 17 January 2012,

    Zimmermann and Steiner v. Switzerland, Appl. No. 8737/79, Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights, 13 July 1983,

    Council of Europe, European Court of Human Rights, European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Handbook on European law relating to access to justice, Publications Office, 2017, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2811/846864 (access 01․12․2023),

    Recommendation No. R (95) 5 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe concerning the introduction and improvement of the functioning of appeal systems and procedures and civil and commercial cases,

    https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680505f3c (access 01․12․2023).

  • Constitutional law

    Legal Consequences of Violation of the Right to be Heard in Administrative Proceedings

    Karen Hakobyan
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    Abstract

    This scientific article is devoted to the comprehensive research of the legal consequences of violating the right to be heard in administrative proceedings, one of the important components of the right to good administration. The problematic situations that arise in this area were described using the following questions: (1) Should a violation of the right to be heard in all cases lead to the invalidity of an administrative act adopted with that violation? (2) After an administrative act adopted in violation of the right to be heard is declared invalid, can the administrative authority re-adopt the same administrative act, provided that the violation of the right to be heard is eliminated․

    As a result of the analysis of these issues, it was justified the need to develop and apply such new approaches and solutions regarding the legal consequences of violating the right to be heard of a participant in administrative proceedings, which will ensure, on the one hand, the protection of fundamental human rights, and, on the other hand, the effectiveness of public administration and the realization of public interests.

    References

    Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Սահմանադրության (Constitution of the Republic of Armenia) (ընդունվել է 05.07.1995 թվականին, փոփոխվել է 27.11.2005 թվականին և 06.12.2015 թվականին)։

    «Վարչարարության հիմունքների և վարչական վարույթի մասին» ՀՀ օրենք (Law on Fundamentals of Administrative Action and Administrative Proceedings) (ընդունվել է 18.02.2004 թվականին, ուժի մեջ է մտել 31.12.2004 թվականին)։

    Հայաստանի Հանրապետության ընդհանուր վարչական իրավունք (General Administrative Law of the Republic of Armenia) / խմբ.՝ Հ. Թովմասյան, Օ. Լուխթերհանդթ, Գ. Մուրադյան, Վ. Պողոսյան, Վ. Ռայմերս, Ռ. Ռուբել – Եր.: Բավիղ, 2011:

    Itai Rabinovici, “The Right to be Heard in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union”, European Public Law (18), 2012:

    Hanns Peter Nehl, Principles of Administrative Procedure in EC Law, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 1999:

    Jürgen Schwarze, European Administrative Law, Sweet and Maxwell, London 1992:

    Տիգրան Աբաղյանն ընդդեմ Երևան համայնքի Կենտրոն վարչական շրջանի ղեկավարի թիվ ՎԴ/5539/05/11 վարչական գործով ՀՀ վճռաբեկ դատարանի 28.11.2014 թվականի որոշում (Decision of the Court of Cassation of the Republic of Armenia):

    Սարգիս Խաչատրյանն ընդդեմ ՀՀ կառավարությանն առընթեր պետական եկամուտների կոմիտեի Շենգավիթի հարկային տեսչության թիվ ՎԴ/7107/05/14 վարչական գործով ՀՀ վճռաբեկ դատարանի 20.07.2017 թվականի որոշում (Decision of the Court of Cassation of the Republic of Armenia):

    Գոհար Հակոբյանն ընդդեմ ՀՀ պետական եկամուտների կոմիտեի թիվ ՎԴ/8932/05/18 վարչական գործով ՀՀ վճռաբեկ դատարանի 10․05.2022 թվականի որոշում (Decision of the Court of Cassation of the Republic of Armenia):

    Տիգրան Ղազարյանն ընդդեմ ՀՀ պետական եկամուտների կոմիտեի թիվ ՎԴ/8884/05/18 վարչական գործով ՀՀ վճռաբեկ դատարանի 04․11.2022 թվականի որոշում (Decision of the Court of Cassation of the Republic of Armenia)։

    M. M. v Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform and Others (C-277/11) գործով Եվրոպական միության դատարանի (The Court of Justice of The European Union) 22.11.2012 թվականի վճիռ:

    Jussila v. Finland (73053/01) գործով Մարդու իրավունքների եվրոպական դատարանի 23.11.2006 թվականի վճիռ:

  • Constitutional law

    Features of the Implementation of the Principle of Proportionality in the Use of Force

    Kristine Aleksanyan
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    Abstract

    The article is devoted to the development of the features of the application of the principle of proportionality in the case of the "use of force". The article touched upon such scientific and practical problems as the definition of the concept of "use of force", as well as the development of basic components to ensure the proportionality of the use of force. The article "the use of force" was considered not only as the direct use of physical measures against persons or objects, but also the prevention or threat of their use in order to force people to a certain behavior or influence their behavior through physical or psychological influence, as well as with the aim of causing damage to property. The main components of ensuring the proportionality of the use of force were called professional and material training of law enforcement officers, preliminary planning of actions or the principle of prevention, as well as the existence of rules regulating in detail certain types of force.

    References

    «Բնապահպանական վերահսկողության մասին» օրենք, ընդունվել է 11.04.2005, ուժի մեջ է մտել 28.05.2005, ՀՀՊՏ 2005.05.18/28(400) Հոդ. 548։

    «Ոստիկանության մասին» օրենք, ընդունվել է 16.04.2001, ուժի մեջ է մտել 10.06.2001, ՀՀՊՏ 2001.05.31/15(147) Հոդ. 378:

    Report of the Human Rights Defender of the Republic of Armenia “On the presidential elections of February 19, 2008 and post-election events”, 2008 April 25, http://ombuds.am/main/en/10/31/1389/ (10.09.2023):

    Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/useofforceandfirearms.aspx (11.09.2023).

    Casey-Maslen, S., & Connolly, S. (2017). Police Use of Force under International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, էջ 2.

    Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/lawenforcementofficials.aspx (10.09.2023).

    ECtHR, Zakharov and Varzhabetyan v. Russia, (Applications nos. 35880/14 and 75926/17), 13 October 2020.

    ECtHR, Halime Kılıç v. Turkey (Application no. 63034/11), 27 November 2018.

    ECtHR, Ilhan v. Turkey, Judgment (Grand Chamber), 27 June 2000.

    ECtHR, McCann and Others v. UK, Judgment (Grand Chamber), 27 September 1995.

    ECtHR, Tagayeva and Others v. Russia, Judgment (First Section), 13 April 2017.

    ECtHR, Şimşek and Others v. Turkey, Judgment, 26 July 2005 (as rendered final on 26 October 2005).

    ECtHR, Finogenov and Others v. Russia, Judgment (First Section), 20 December 2011 (as rendered final on 4 June 2012), §237.

    EctHR, Ali Güneş v. Turkey, (Application no. 9829/07), 10 April 2012.

    ECtHR, Ataykaya v. Turkey, (Application no. 50275/08), 22 July 2014.

    ECtHR, Halime Kılıç v. Turkey (Application no. 63034/11), 27 November 2018.

    European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), Benzer v. Turkey, Judgment (Former Second Section), 12 November 2013.

    European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), Andronicou and Constantinou v. Cyprus, Judgment (Chamber), 9 October 1997..

    European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), Güleç v. Turkey, Judgment (Chamber), 27 July 1998.

    College of Policing, ‘Armed Policing: Use of Force, Firearms and Less Lethal Weapons’, §2, www.app.college.police.uk/app-content/armed-policing/use-offorce-firearms-and-less-lethal-weapons/.

    CommDH(2008)11REV. Strasbourg, 20 March 20081. SPECIAL MISSION TO ARMENIA. By Thomas Hammarberg. Commissioner for Human Rights, էջ 5, https://rm.coe.int/16806db801 (09.09.2023).

    InterAmerican Court of Human Rights (IAmCtHR), Cruz Sánchez and Others v. Peru.

    Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR), Nadege Dorzema and Others v. Dominican Republic, Judgment (Merits, reparations and costs), 24 October 2012.

    Joint Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Rights to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and of Association and the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions on the Proper Management of Assemblies’, UN doc. A/HRC/31/66, 4 February 2016.

    Gilbert A. M., ‘Defining Use of a Firearm’, Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, Vol. 87 (1996–97), 842–63, https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6923&context=jclc (10.09.2023).

    (Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparation, and Costs), 17 April 2015.

    Resource Book on the Use of Force and Firearms in Law Enforcement, Criminal Justice Handbook Series, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2018.

    OHCHR, United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement, 2020, doi.org/10.18356/5c14b275-en (10.09.2023).

    Olsen F. Z., ‘The Use of Police Firearms in Denmark’, Copenhagen, 2008.

    UN Human Rights Council (HRC), Use of Force in Law Enforcement and the Right to Life: The Role of the Human Rights Council, 2016.

    US DOJ, Investigation of the Baltimore City Police Department, 10 August 2016, www.justice.gov/opa/file/883366/download (10.09.2023).

    US DOJ, Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department, 4 March 2015, էջ 26, https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/opa/press-releases/attachments/2015/03/04/ferguson_police_department_report.pdf (10.09.2023).

    US DOJ, Investigation of the Ferguson Police Department, 4 March 2015.

    Use of force: Guidelines for implementation of the UN basic principles on the use of force and firearms by law enforcement officials, Amnesty International, Dutch Section, Police and Human Rights Programme, August 2015.

CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND CRIMINOLOGY

  • CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND CRIMINOLOGY

    Prohibition of Improper Conduct in a Set of Principles of Criminal Procedure

    Samvel Dilbandyan
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    Abstract

    The article focuses on the principle of prohibiting unlawful behavior, which is a new addition to the principles of criminal procedure. It emphasizes the importance of studying this principle as it often occurs that individuals involved in legal proceedings either abuse their rights or fail to fulfill their responsibilities. This can disrupt the normal flow of proceedings and negatively impact the legitimate interests of other participants, such as the right of the victim to receive timely compensation for the crime committed against them. The prohibition of illegal behavior extends beyond the abuse of rights to include the failure to fulfill obligations specified by law.

    It is justified to impose negative consequences on individuals who engage in abusive actions during criminal proceedings in order to prevent further misuse of their rights. The assessment of a private participant's actions as an abuse of rights should be based on factual evidence by the governing body conducting the proceedings. However, it is important for the governing body to exercise its powers responsibly and prevent the abuse of discretionary rights, which could unreasonably limit the rights of individuals involved in the proceedings.

    References

    Հայաստանի Հանրապետության քրեական դատավարության նոր օրենսգրքի հայեցակարգային լուծումների, նորարարական մոտեցումների և հիմնական ինստիտուտների մեկնաբանման գործնական ուղեցույց, Երևան, 2022թ․։ (Practical guide to the interpretation of conceptual solutions, innovative approaches and main institutions of the new Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, 2022).

    Lawless v. Ireland, 26 мая 2016 appeal no. 332/57.

    Witzsch v. Germany, 13.12.2005 appeal no. 41448/98.

    Kerechashvili v Ceorgia, 28.04.2009 appeal no. 5667/02.

    Rehdk v. the Gzech Republic, 18․05․2004, appeal no. 67208/01.

    Chernitsyn v. Russia appeal no. 5964/02.

    Mirolubovs and Others v. Latvia, appeal no. 798/5, 15.09.2009։

    Ռուսաստանի Դաշնության Գերագույն դատարանի պլենումի 30.06.2015 № 29 <<Դատարանների կողմից քրեական դատավարությունում պաշտպանության իրավունքի իրականացումն ապահովող օրենսդրության կիրառման պրակտիկայի մասին>> որոշումը: (Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated 30.06.2015 No. 29 "On the practice of applying the legislation ensuring the right of defense by courts in criminal proceedings").

    ՀՀ քրեական դատավարության օրենսգիրք, 2021թ․։ (RA Criminal Procedure Code).

    Братусь С.И. О пределах осуществления гражданских прав //Правоведение. 1967. № 4. (Bratus S.I. On the limits of the exercise of civil rights //Jurisprudence. 1967. No. 4)

    Петров A.B. Теория государства и права. Учебное пособие. - Челябинск, 2009. (Petrov A.V. Theory of State and Law. Tutorial. - Chelyabinsk, 2009).

  • CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND CRIMINOLOGY

    Separate Basic Questions for Assessing the Purposes (Grounds) of Detention of an Accused Located Outside the Borders of the Republic of Armenia

    Armen Hovhannisyan
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    Abstract

    In this article, the author examined the issues of assessing the purposes (grounds) of the detention of the accused outside the Republic of Armenia. Based also on the study of international documents, the author came to the conclusion that when discussing the issue of detention as a preventive measure of the accused outside the Republic of Armenia, a similar approach cannot be applied to assessing the purposes (grounds) of detention as in the case with the participation of the accused. In this context, the author presented his observations regarding the assessment of the purposes (grounds) of detention in this case. In particular, the author noted that in the case of the accused who is outside the borders of the Republic of Armenia, when solving the issue of applying detention as a preventive measure, it is necessary to first find out and in the context of the purpose of the detention provided for in Article 116, Part 2, Clause 1 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia, evaluate whether it is possible to make a reasonable assumption from the proceedings materials that the accused before leaving the territory of the Republic of Armenia was informed (or should have been informed) about the started (in some cases, to be started) legal proceedings: in the case of a negative answer, in the author’s opinion, the petition itself is subject to rejection, and in the case of a positive answer, the presence or absence of an opportunity to obstruct the proceedings or prevent the commission of a crime, in the author’s opinion, is subject to assessment with the participation of the accused when reconsidering the issue of applying detention as a preventive measure in the manner provided for in Part I of Art. 290 RA Code of Criminal Procedure.

    References

    Գարաբաևն ընդդեմ Ռուսաստանի գործով Եվրոպական դատարանի՝ 2007 թվականի հունիսի 7-ի վճիռ,

    Վախիտովը և մյուսներն ընդդեմ Ռուսաստանի գործով Եվրոպական դատարանի` 2017 թվականի հունվարի 31-ի վճիռ,

    ՀՀ Սահմանադրական դատարանի՝ 2009 թվականի սեպտեմբերի 12-ի թիվ ՍԴՈ-827 որոշում,

    Տիգրան Վահրադյանի վերաբերյալ ՀՀ Վճռաբեկ դատարանի` 2008 թվականի դեկտեմբերի 26-ի թիվ ԼԴ/0197/06/08 գործով որոշում,

    Ներսես Շահինյանի վերաբերյալ ՀՀ Վճռաբեկ դատարանի` 2018 թվականի դեկտեմբերի 24-ի թիվ ԵԴ/0120/06/18 գործով որոշում,

    Цоколова О. И., Теория и практика задержания, ареста и содержания под стражей в уголовном процессе: Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора юридических наук, М., 2007, էջեր 337-342,

    Павлов А.В., Задержание обвиняемого, находящегося в розыске (теоретический и прикладной аспекты): монография, Юрлитинформ, Москва, 2015,

    Ս․ Մարաբյան, Հետախուզման մեջ գտնվող մեղադրյալին ձերբակալելը որպես հեռակա (մեղադրյալի բացակայությամբ) կալանավորման այլընտրանք ՀՀ քրեական դատավարությունում, «Բանբեր Երևանի համալսարանի. Իրավագիտություն», Երևան, 2019 № 1 (28), 2019, էջեր 59-72,

    Ներսես Շահինյանի վերաբերյալ ՀՀ Վճռաբեկ դատարանի` 2018 թվականի դեկտեմբերի 24-ի թիվ ԵԴ/0120/06/18 գործով որոշում,

    ՀՀ Սահմանադրական դատարանի՝ 2009 թվականի սեպտեմբերի 12-ի թիվ ՍԴՈ-827 որոշում։

  • CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS AND CRIMINOLOGY

    The Criminal Procedural Presumption of Innocence and the Criminal Substantive Presumption of Fault

    Gevorg Baghdasaryan
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    Abstract

    The correlation between the criminal substantive presumption of fault and the criminal procedural concept of the presumption of innocence is the main focus of this article. First, the author reveals the essence of the presumption of innocence as a criterion for assessing evidence, discusses it within the framework of the proper proof principle and makes the case that the requirements that make up the content of these principles are unnecessarily absolutized, and sometimes unrealizable. The author makes the case that some conditions, such fault or signs of the subjective side of the crime are typically impossible to establish through the use of particular kinds of evidence in criminal procedures.

    Additionally, the article introduces a new concept of fault, examines the component of criminal law the presumption of guilt, and argues that it contradicts the concepts of the presumption of innocence and proper proof.

    The author substantiates that the opposition of the criminal procedural presumption of innocence and the criminal legal presumption of fault in practice is resolved in favor of the presumption of fault, leaving on paper an impossible requirement arising from the presumption of innocence that the fact of committing a crime with a confession of guilt is subject to proof by relevant, admissible and reliable evidence in full and cannot be based on assumptions.

    References

    Օգտագործված գրականության ցանկ

    Մարդու իրավունքների եվրոպական դատարանի որոշումը՝ Barberà, Messegué and Jabardo v. Spain 10590/83, 06.12.1988թ, § 77 (The decision of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Barberà, Messegué and Jabardo v. Spain 10590/83 dated 06.12.1988, § 77).

    Մարդու իրավունքների եվրոպական դատարանի որոշումը՝ Salabiaku v. France, 10519/83, 07.10.1988թ․ (The decision of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Salabiaku v. France, 10519/83, 07.10.1988).

    Գևորգ Թոսունյանի և մյուսների վերաբերյալ ՍԴ/0319/01/10 քրեական գործով ՀՀ վճռաբեկ դատարանի 2016 թվականի մարտի 30-ի որոշումը (The decision of the Court of Cassation of the Republic of Armenia dated March 30, 2016 in the criminal case of Gevorg Tosunyan and others SD/0319/01/10).

    Մարտիկ Բոլյանի վերաբերյալ ՎԲ-135/07 քրեական գործով ՀՀ վճռաբեկ դատարանի 2007թ․ օգոստոսի 30-ի որոշումը (The decision of the Court of Cassation of the Republic of Armenia dated August 30, 2007 in the criminal case of Martik Bolyan VB-135/07):

    Գ․ Բաղդասարյան, «Անմեղության կանխավարկածը որպես ապացույցների բավարարության չափանիշ», Պետություն և իրավունք, 2018թ․, 3-4(81-82), էջեր 4-14։

    G. Baghdasaryan, “Presumption of innocence as a criterion of sufficiency of evidence”, State and Law, 2018, 3-4(81-82).

    ՀՀ քրեական նոր օրենսգրքում տեղ գտած հայեցակարգային մոտեցումների և նոր ինստիտուտների մեկնաբանման ուղեցույց, https://rm.coe.int/new-criminal-code-guideline-arm/1680a72c57 (մուտք 05․03․2024թ․) (Guidance on the interpretation of conceptual approaches and new institutions contained in the new Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia, https://rm.coe.int/new-criminal-code-guideline-arm/1680a72c57 (access 05․03․2024թ․).

    Бабаев В. К., “Презумпций в советском праве”, Горький, Изд-во ГВШ МВД СССР, 1974թ. (Babaev V. K., “Presumptions in Soviet law”, Gorky, Publishing GHS MIA USSR, 1974).

    Иоффе О. С., Шаргородский М. Д., “Вопросы теории права”, М., 1961թ․, (Ioffe O. S., Shargorodsky M. D., “Issues of legal theory”, M., 1961).

    Каминская В. И., “Учение о правовых презумпциях в уголовном процессе”, М., 1948թ․,(Kaminskaya, V. I., “The Doctrine of legal presumptions in criminal proceedings”, M., 1948).

    Коголовский И. Р., “Понятие и признаки правовой презумпции”, Теория и практика общественного развития, 2012թ․, №12, (Kogolovsky I. R., “The concept and signs of legal presumption, Theory and Practice of Social Development, 2012, No.12).

    Строгович М. С., “Учение о материальной истине в уголовном процессе”, М. 1947թ․, (Strogovich M. S., “The doctrine of material truth in criminal proceedings”, M. 1947).

EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

  • EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

    Parliamentary Hearings as a Form of Public Discussion

    Artak Asatryan
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    Abstract

    Parliamentary hearings, as an important platform for the discussion of public issues, contribute to the participation of broad layers of the public in deciding on various issues of state importance. This format becomes even more important when legal drafts that received a great public interest appear on the agenda. Therefore, the proper legal regulation of this institution acquires special importance. Within the framework of this article, reference was made to the legal regulations for the organization and conduct of parliamentary hearings, along with which the foreign experience regarding a number of issues was also presented. In particular, among others, issues related to entities with the authority to call parliamentary hearings, submitting applications for participation in parliamentary hearings, the incomplete determination of the powers of the officials authorized to conduct the parliamentary hearings, summarizing the parliamentary hearings, drawing up the relevant minutes and publishing them on the website of the parliament, the importance of remote participation in parliamentary hearings and the lack of legal regulation of such participation were also discussed.

    As a result of the analysis, a number of proposals have been made to eliminate and fill in the shortcomings and gaps, which will contribute to the further improvement of this important institution.

    References

Civil Law

  • Civil Law

    Conflict Principle lex voluntaris in Civil Legislation Republic of Armenia

    Armen Haykyants
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    Abstract

    Article 3 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Armenia enshrines the principle of autonomy of the will. In the national legal science and also in practice, there are still debatable and often incomplete ideas about the essence and scope of application of the mentioned principle, challenging the extent to which the principle of the autonomy of the will is compatible with the other principle established by Article 3 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Armenia, the freedom of contract,  as well as the sufficiency of the Article 1284 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Armenia, as a tool for the realization of the principle of autonomy of the will, to provide with measures for the full application of the principle .

                 In the legal science the principle of autonomy of will was initially formed as a principle aimed at serving the contractual circulation, however in different legal systems, including the Republic of Armenia, the principle of autonomy of will is also applied to extra-contractual relations, and it is not yet fully discussed whether when applied to contractual and extra-contractual relations the principle of the autonomy of the will relies on the same set of tools, or whether, depending on the essence of the target relationship, the set of tools should be different. One can endlessly seek for the answers in legal practice, however, as proven by expertise, the legal practice itself turns to the arsenal of legal science to get the solutions for such cases. There is no doubt that science is the flag bearer in the science-practice cooperation, and it is science that shall provide practice with the keys to solving problems.

    References

    Антонова Е.И. Автономия воли сторон в договорных отношениях между субьектами права разных государств (Autonomy of the will of the parties in contractual relations between subjects of law of different states) //Вестник Чебоксарского кооперативного института. 2008. No 1.։

    Гетьман-Павлова И.В. Шарль Дюмулен – основоположник теории автономии воли в международном частном праве (Charles Dumoulin – founder of the theory of autonomy of will in private international law) //https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sharl-dyumulen-osnovopolozhnik-teorii-avtonomii-voli-v-mezhdunarodnom-chastnom-prave/viewer

    Дармокрик В.Ф. Предели принципа атономии воли и право, применимое сторонами при выборе условий сделки в международных договорах (The limits of the principle of atonomy of will and the law applied by the parties when choosing the terms of a transaction in international treaties) //Вестник Саратовской юридической академии No 1(108). 2016․

    Загирняк М.Ю. Значение учения о воле Ж.Ж.Руссо и И.Канта для становления филосовско-правовой концепции С.И.Гессена (The significance of the doctrine of the will of J. J. Rousseau and I. Kant for the formation of the philosophical and legal concept of S. I. Hessen) //https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/znachenie-ucheniya-o-vole-zh-zh-russo-i-i-kanta-dlya-stanovleniya-filosofsko-pravovoy-kontseptsii-s-i-gessena

    Малкин О.Ю. Правовое регулирование выбора права сторонами договора (Legal regulation of the choice of law by the parties to the contract). М.2008.։

    Новикова Т.В. О толковании терминов <<право>> и <<законодательство>> в контексте автономии воли сторон частноправового отношения международного характера (On the interpretation of the terms “law” and “legislation” in the context of the autonomy of the will of the parties to a private law relationship of an international nature) //Вестник Томского государственного уни верситета. Право. 2020. № 37.։

    Новикова Т.В. Принцип автономии воли в международном частном праве: Монография (The principle of autonomy of will in private international law: Monograph) . М.РГУП. 2021.

    Розенберг М.Г. К вопросу о толковании условий договора в практике МКАС (On the issue of interpretation of contract terms in practice) / М.Г. Правовое регулирование внешней торговли в СССР //под ред. Д.М.Генкина. М.1961.

    Толстых В.Л. Международное частное право: коллизионое регулирование (Private International Law: conflict of laws regulation.).СПб. 2004.։

    Эрделевский А. Толкование договорa (Interpretation of the agreement) // "Российская юстиция" N 4, апрель 1999 г.։

    Beale J.A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws or Private International Law. Vol.I.Part i. Cambrigde, 1916.

    Symeonides S.Party Autonomy in Rome 1 and 2 from a Comparative Perspective//Convergence and Divergence in Private International Law - Liber Amicorum Kurt Siehr; ed. by K.Boele-Woelki, T.Einhorn, D.Girsberger, S.Symeonides. 2010.

  • Civil Law

    Super formalism in regulating transactions in the Republic of Armenia. Notarization

    Arsen Tavadyan
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    Abstract

    The Civil Code of the Republic of Armenia provides that all real estate transactions are subject to notarization, and all rights arising from such transactions are subject to state registration. In case of failure to comply with these formalities, the law provides for one consequence: nullity.

    Such regulation unjustifiably limits the turnover of real estate, effectively prohibiting the conclusion of such transactions in which the parties provide for an earlier date of occurrence of obligations than the date of transfer of real rights. In addition, such regulation provides quite wide opportunities for abuse of rights.

    A study of foreign legislation gives grounds to assert that a more liberal approach is intended for real estate transactions in European countries and the EAEU. As a rule, not all real estate transactions are formalized by a notary.

    By providing a simple written form for every transaction, the legislator can already obtain an appropriate positive result without unnecessarily limiting civil circulation. The requirement of notarization already limits this turnover, often without bringing any positive results.

    Using methods of comparative legal and economic analysis of law, the author proposes to provide for a simple written form of transactions for the alienation of real estate concluded between legal entities. For transactions involving citizens, provide a notarial form. For transactions on the transfer of rights to use real estate, provide for a simple written form in general, regardless of whether the parties are individuals or legal entities.

    By providing a simple written form for certain real estate transactions, we can, within existing regulations, achieve the same positive results as in the case of notarization, without the disadvantages associated with such verification.

    References

    Antoni Vaquer, Contract Law in Spain, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2022, էջեր 71-72, ISBN: 9789403545103:

    Arthur S. Hartkamp, Contract Law in the Netherlands, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2015, ISBN: 9041161589

    Commentaries on European Contract Laws. Ed. by Nils Jansen, Reinhard Zimmermann. – Oxford: University Press 2018, էջ 262, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790693.002.0001, ISBN: 9780198790693

    European Contract Law and German Law, Edited by Stefan Leible, Matthias Lehmann, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2014, ISBN: 9789041125880:

    Executing contracts in France by Practical Law Corporate France and Antoine Tézenas du Montcel, Paul Jourdan-Nayrac, Etienne Chesneau and Abel Colomb at Gide Loyrette Nouel, Thomson Reuters Practical Law, Published: 19 February 2021

    Sir Basil Markesinis, Hannes Unberath, Angus Johnston, The German Law of Contract A Comparative Treatise, Second Edition, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 2006, ISBN: 1841134724:

    chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.gide.com/sites/default/files/executing_contracts_in_france_w-025-04091.pdf (վերջին մուտք` 18.12.2023թ.):

    Pier Giuseppe Monateri, Filippo Andrea Chiaves, Mauro Balestrieri, Contract Law in Italy, Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands, 2021, ISBN: 9403527013:

    Гражданское право. В 3-х томах. Том 1. Учебник, 2-е издание. Ответственный редактор – доктор юридических наук, профессор В.М. Чигир. Минск, 2007 (Civil law. In 3 volumes. Volume 1. Textbook, 2nd edition. Executive editor – Doctor of Law, Professor V.M. Chigir. Minsk, 2007):

    Карапетов А.Г., Экономический анализ права. – М.: Статут, 2016, ISBN: 978-5-8354-1238-9 (Karapetov A.G., Economic Analysis of Law. – M.: Statute, 2016, ISBN: 978-5-8354-1238-9):

    Сделки, представительство, исковая давность: постатейный комментарий к статьям 153–208 Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации [Электронное издание. Редакция 1.0] / Отв. ред. А.Г. Карапетов. – М.: М-Логос, 2018, ISBN: 978-5-9500177-6-6 (Transactions, Representation, Limitation Period: article-by-article commentary to articles 153–208 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation [Electronic edition. Revision 1.0] / Rep. ed. A.G. Karapetov. – M.: M-Logos, 2018, ISBN: 978-5-9500177-6-6):

    Татаркина К.П., Форма сделок в гражданском праве России: моногр. / Томск : Изд-во Томск, гос. ун-та систем упр. и радиоэлектроники, 2012, ISBN: 978-5-86889-591-3 (Tatarkina K.P., Form of Transactions in Civil Law of Russia: monograph. / Tomsk: Publishing house Tomsk, state. University of Control Systems and Radio Electronics, 2012, ISBN: 978-5-86889-591-3):

    Климкин С.И., Гражданское право Республики Казахстан. Общая часть: Учебное пособие. – Алматы: Научно-издательский центр Каспийского общественного университета, 2011, ISBN 978-601-7067-34-2 (Klimkin S.I., Civil law of the Republic of Kazakhstan. General part: Study guide. – Almaty: Scientific and Publishing Center of the Caspian Public University, 2011, ISBN 978-601-7067-34-2):

  • Civil Law

    Some Issues of Legal Regulations of Employee Share Ownership in the Republic of Armenia

    Ashkhen Soghomonyan
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    Abstract

    The institution of rewarding employees with company shares in exchange for work is a fairly common tool that provides an opportunity to incentivize employees and prevent labor outflow, which, in turn, can indirectly prevent professional emigration from Armenia. Some manifestations of the legal institution of employee stock ownership have found their place in the RA Law “On Joint-Stock Companies”. Recently, certain changes have been made to the legislation, but they do not fully comply with accepted international practice, are sporadic in nature, do not contain effective mechanisms for protecting the rights of employees using these programs, in addition, the practical possibility of using such programs by companies engaged in certain areas of activity has not been taken into account. Within the framework of the article, an attempt was made to identify the impact of all the mentioned shortcomings on the possibility of practical application of this institute, and also substantiated the importance of such programs in the process of operation of startup companies.

    Taking into account the analysis carried out in the article, a number of generalizations and practical proposals are made that can help ensure the practical application of this institute.

     

    References

    «Բաժնետիրական ընկերությունների մասին» ՀՀ օրենք, (25.09.2001), (06.12.2001), ՀՀՊՏ 2001.11.06/34(166) Հոդ.831: ( The RA Law on Joint Stock Companies )

    «Արժեթղթերի շուկայի մասին» ՀՀ օրենք, (11.10.2007), (29.02.2008), ՀՀՊՏ 2007.10.31/53(577) Հոդ.1098: (The RA Law on Securities Market)

    «Ածանցյալ ֆինանսական գործիքների կարգավորումները» կանոնակարգ 4/18-ը հաստատելու մասին ՀՀ կենտրոնական բանկի խորհրդի որոշմում, Հավելված (15.09.2017), (30.10.2017), ՀՀԳՏ 2017.10.20/29(598).1 Հոդ.339.5: (Decision of the Council of the Central bank of the RA on approving regulation 4/18 "Regulation of related financial instruments” Appendix)

    «Ներդրումային ծառայություններ մատուցող անձանց` կենտրոնական բանկ ներկայացվող հաշվետվությունները, դրանց ներկայացման կարգը, ձևը եվ ժամկետները» կանոնակարգ 4/03-ը հաստատելու մասին ՀՀ Կենտրոնական բանկի խորհրդի որոշմում, Հավելված, (22.04.2008), (01.07.2008), ՀՀԳՏ 2008.06.02/18(292) Հոդ.175: (Decision of the Council of the Central Bank of The RA on approving Regulation 4/03 of the reports submitted to the Central Bank by persons providing investment services, the procedure, form and terms of their submission, Appendix)

    «Բաժնետիրական ընկերությունների մասին» օրենքում փոփոխություններ և լրացումներ կատարելու մասին», «Հայաստանի Հանրապետության աշխատանքային օրենսգրքում լրացումներ կատարելու մասին», «Հայաստանի Հանրապետության հարկային օրենսգրքում լրացումներ կատարելու մասին», «կուտակային կենսաթոշակների մասին» օրենքում լրացում կատարելու մասին», «ժամանակավոր անաշխատունակության և մայրության նպաստների մասին» օրենքում լրացում կատարելու մասին» օրենքների նախագծերի փաթեթի ընդունման անհրաժեշտության հիմնավորում http://www.parliament.am/draft_docs7/P-672_himnavorum.pdf (կայքը հասանելի է 22.11.2023 թվականի դրությամբ)։ ("On Amendments and Additions to the Law on Joint Stock Companies", "On Amendments to the Labor Code of the Republic of Armenia", "On Amendments to the Tax Code of the Republic of Armenia", "On Amendments to the Law "On Cumulative Pensions", "On Temporary Incapacity and Maternity Benefits" Justification of the need to adopt a package of draft laws "on making additions to the law".)

    «Բաժանետիրական ընկերությունների մասին» օրենքում և հարակից օրենքներում փոփոխություններ և լրացումներ կատարելու մասին օրենքի ընդունման հիմնավորում https://www.e-draft.am/ru/projects/3130/justification (կայքը հասանելի ՝ 03.11.2023 թվականի դրությամբ)։ (“Justification of the adoption of the law on making amendments and additions to the law on "Joint Stock companies" and related laws)

    09.12.2021 թվականին BDO ընկերության հայաստանյան գրասենյակի կազմակերպած քննարկման ժամանակ ՀՀ էկոնոմիկայի նախարար Վահան Քերոբյանի ելույթից մեջբերում Հայաստանում աշխատակիցների բաժնետիրացման ծրագրերով հետաքրքրված ընկերությունների վերաբերյալ https://banks.am/am/news/interviews/22492 (կայքը հասանելի է 20.11.2023 թվականի դրությամբ)։ ( On 09.12.2021, during the discussion organized by the Armenian office of the BDO company, a quote from the speech of the Minister of Economy of the Republic of Armenia Vahan Kerobyan regarding the companies interested in employee share ownership plans in Armenia)

    Ավետսիյան Վ․Դ․, Բաժնետիրական իրավունք, ԵՊՀ հրատ․, ISBN 5-8084-0647-1, Երևան, 2005 թ․, 78-80 էջեր։ ( Avetsiyan V.D., Shareholding Law, YSU publishing house, ISBN 5-8084-0647-1, Yerevan, 2005)

    Ավետիսյան Վ․Դ․,Կորպորատիվ իրավահարաբերությունների արդի հիմնահարցերը Հայաստանի հանրապետությունում (տնտեսական ընկերությունների օրինակով), ԵՊՀ հրատ․, ISBN 978-5-8084-1817-2,Երևան, 2013 թ․, 159-160 էջեր։ (Avetisyan V.D., Contemporary issues of corporate legal relations in the Republic of Armenia (by the example of economic companies), YSU Publishing House, ISBN 978-5-8084-1817-2, Yerevan, 2013)

    Ֆինանսական բառարանի ՖԻՆԱՆՍԱԿԱՆ ԲԱՌԱՐԱՆ․ 10 տերմին, որոնք պետք է իմանա յուրաքանչուր ստարտափ https://starthub.am/guides/3425.html (կայքը հասանելի է 17.11.2023 թվականի դրությամբ)։ (FINANCIAL DICTIONARY of the financial dictionary: 10 terms every startup should know)

    Белкин В․ Н․, Белкина Н․ А․, Антонова О․ А․, Наделение работников собственностью на капитал фирм // Челябинский гуманитарий. 2016. №2 (35), էջ 32, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/nadelenie-rabotnikov-sobstvennostyu-na-kapital-firm (հղումը հասանելի է 22.06.2023 դրությամբ)։ (Belkin V․ N․, Belkina N․ A․, Antonova O․ A․, Giving workers ownership of the capital of companies // Chelyabinsk Humanitarian. 2016. No. 2 (35))

    Alvin Carlos, RSUs vs RSAs: What’s the defferance? https://districtcapitalmanagement.com/rsu-vs-rsa/#:~:text=An%20RSA%20is%20a%20grant%20which%20gives%20the,the%20shares%20until%20the%20restrictions%20lapse%20or%20vest (կայքը հասանելի է 25.11.2023 թվականի դրությամբ)։

    Daniel Lee, Everything you need to know about stock options and RSUs, Harvard busiess review, 2021, https://hbr.org/2021/08/everything-you-need-to-know-about-stock-options-and-rsus (կայքը հասանելի է 07.11.2023 թվականի դրությամբ)։

    Experts Talks, Restricted stock units (RSU or AGA) https://www.welcometofrance.com/en/restricted-stock-units-rsu-or-aga (կայքը հասանելի է 20.11.2023 թվականի դրությամբ)։

    Gwenllian Kern-Allely, The Many Forms of Employee Ownership: ESOPs, Co-Ops, Profit-Sharing Plans, and Equity Compensation Plans https://www.bsllp.com/the-many-forms-of-employee-ownership-esops-co-ops-profit-sharing-plans-and-equity-compensation-plans (հղումը հասանելի է 21.06.2023 թվականի դրությամբ):

    John Olagues, John F. Summa, Getting started in employee stock options, https://books.google.am/books?id=6uAFnVzgbvUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false (կայքը հասանելի է 25.11.2023 թվականի դրությամբ):

    Laura Moreno, What is a restricted stock unit (RSU)? https://carta.com/blog/rsu-restricted-stock-unit (կայքը հասանելի է 18.11.20232 թվականի դրությամբ)։

    Michelle Buckley, The ESOP Participant’s Guide to ESOP Funding Rules, https://www.meadenmoore.com/blog/atc/the-esop-participants-guide-to-esop-funding-rules (կայքը հասանելի է 22.11.2023 թվականի դրությամբ)։

    Morgan McDonald, Josua Sved, Everything you need to know about stock options https://www.dlapiper.com/en-jp/insights/publications/2023/01/everything-you-need-to-know-about-stock-options (կայքը հասանելի է 25.11.2023 թվականի դրությամբ)։

    Phantom Stock https://www.oge.gov/Web/278eGuide.nsf/Content/Definitions~Phantom+Stock:

    How an Empolyee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) works, web article https://www.nceo.org/articles/esop-employee-stock-ownership-plan (կայքը հասանելի է 22.11.2023 թվականի դրությամբ)։

    Stock Options vs Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) https://www.globalshares.com/academy/rsus-vs-stock-options/ (կայքը հասանելի է 17.11.2023 թվականի դրությամբ)։

Civil Procedure

  • Civil Procedure

    Features of Family Proceedings

    Vard Yesayan
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    Abstract

     Family proceedings represent a novel addition to the procedural legislation of Armenia, and within civil proceedings, this proceeding is categorized as a special claim proceeding.

            The legislator, in the context of these proceedings, has underscored the importance of safeguarding the best interests of the child and has outlined specific features of the examination. This article discusses the distinctive characteristics of family cases within this framework.

            Within the scope of this article, family cases are conventionally grouped into three main categories:

    1. Family cases based on family legal relations.
    2. Family affairs based on the best interests of the child.
    3. Family cases concerning the return of a child illegally transferred to the Republic of Armenia or illegally kept in the Republic of Armenia.
    References

    ՀՀ սահմանադրական դատարանի 10.03.2020թ. ՍԴՈ 1515 որոշում (Decision of the Constitutional court of the Republic of Armenia, DCC-1515),):

    Մարդու իրավունքների եվրոպական դատարանի «Khalfaoui v. France» գործով որոշում, գանգատ թիվ 34791/97, 14/03/2000թ.,

    Մարդու իրավունքների եվրոպական դատարանի «Rytchenko v. Russia» գործով որոշում, 20/01/2011, գանգատ թիվ 22266/04, §39,

    Մարդու իրավունքների եվրոպական դատարանի «Marckx v. Belgium» գործով որոշում, 13/06/1979, գանգատ թիվ 6833/74, § 52:

  • Civil Procedure

    The Employee's Right to Reinstate in Case of Illegal Dismissal

    Mane Karapetyan
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    Abstract

    This article presents the institution of exercising the right to reinstatement of an illegally dismissed employee and the problematic issues of its application in the context of balancing the reasonable interests of the employee and the employer. Reference was made to the cases when an illegally dismissed employee cannot be reinstated in his previous job due to objective circumstances, the existence of a relationship of trust between the employee and the employer was discussed, as well as the possibility of the employee's reinstatement in his previous and equivalent job.

    Summing up the results of the study, we come to the conclusion that the legislator failed to regulate the institute of non-reinstatement of illegally dismissed employees to their previous jobs, giving the courts such wide discretion that in the same factual circumstances, irreconcilable judgments may be issued due to the judge's subjective approach.

    In order to resolve the existing uncertainty we suggest to clarify the scope of discretion of the courts not to restore illegally dismissed employees to their former jobs, conditioned solely by objective factors. This article presents the experience of foreign countries, doctrinal approaches, international legal standards and judicial practice.

    References

    ՀՀ Սահմանադրական դատարանի որոշումներում արտահայտված իրավական դիրքորոշումներն ու դրանց իրացումը (ուղեցույց-ձեռնարկ), Գ․Դանիելյան, Ա․Գյուլումյան,Հ․Նազարյան,Վ․Այվազյան և Հ․Ենգոյան, ընդհանուր խմբագրությամբ Գ․Դանիելյանի, Երևան, 2016 (Legal positions expressed in the decisions of the RA Constitutional Court and their implementation (guide-manual), G. Danielyan, A. Gylumyan, H. Nazaryan, V. Ayvazyan and H. Yengoyan, edited by G. Danielyan, Yerevan,).

    Оспичев И.М., Основания и последствия незаконного увольнения (Ospichev I.M., Reasons and consequences of illegal dismissal.) https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osnovaniya-i-posledstviya-nezakonnogo-uvolneniya (25.10.2022).

    Australasian meat industry employees’ union v g & k o’connor pty ltd [2000] fca 627 (12 may 2000) (‘amieu’); nguyen v vietnamese community in australia [2014] fwc 4314 (8 july 2014) (‘nguyen’); farmer v kdr victoria pty ltd, [2014] fwc 6539 (22 september 2014) (‘farmer’); goodwin v shanaya pty ltd [2016] fwc 4317 (7 july 2016) (‘goodwin’); millard v k & s freighters pty ltd [2017] fwc 105 (6 january 2017) (‘millard’).

    Bottom, w. p., gibson, k., daniels, s., & murnighan, j. k. when talk is not cheap: substantive penance and expressions of intent in rebuilding cooperation.// organization science/vol. 13, no. 5, september–october 2002.

    Elizabeth shi and freeman zhong rethinking the reinstatement remedy in unfair dismissal law. adellawrw 14; (2018) 39(2).

    Gasanov m.yu. labor code of the republic of uzbekistan: issues of further improvement // handbook of personnel issues. 2007, № 3..

    Geldenhuys j "the reinstatement and compensation conundrum in south african labour law" per / pelj 2016(19).

    Lewicki, r., & bunker, b. b. (1996). developing and maintaining trust in work relationships. in r. m. kramer, & t. r. tyler (eds.), trust in organizations: frontiers of theory and research (pp. 114–139). sage: thousand oaks, ca.

    Perkins (1997) 72 ir 186, 191.// https://jade.io/article/318991 (17.11.2022)

    Richard mitchell, ‘where are we going in labour law? some thoughts on a field of scholarship and policy in process of change’ (2011) 24 australian journal of labour law 45.

    Robinson, s. l. (1996). trust and breach of the psychological contract. administrative science quarterly, 41(4).

    Rosemary owens, joellen riley and jill murray, the law of work (oxford university press, 2nd ed, 2011) 21.

    Rousseau, d. m., sitkin, s. b., burt, r. s., & camerer, c. (1998). not so different after all: a cross-discipline view of trust. academy of management review, 23(3).

    Thabo mongale. dispute resolution official-kimberley.// https://ceosa.org.za/re-employment-versus-reinstatement/#:~:text=case%20law%20suggests%20that%20in,the%20dismissal%20did%20not%20occur (28.10.2022).

    Weibel, a., den hartog, d., gillespie, n., searle, r., six, f., & skinner, d. (2016). how do controls impact employee trust in the employer? human resource management, 55 (3), (1995).

    T.Kahkonen, K.Blomqvist, N.Gillespie, M.Vanhala. Employee trust repair: a systematic review of 20 years of empirical research and future research directions.//journal of business research 130 (2021).