Fabricating Reality and Manufacturing Enmity: Hate Speech and the Construction of War Discourse

Authors

  • Dr. of Philology, Professor
  • PhD student PhD

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU.B/2026.17.2.067

Keywords:

hate speech, war discourse, provocative language, falsified data, discrimmination, in-group/out-group

Abstract

The escalation from interpersonal clashes to systemic state violence is a reality skillfully constructed through language. In today's digital world, the line between free expression and deliberate verbal aggression or hate speech has become dangerously blurred, allowing political leaders and media outlets to fuel war-mongering discourse through multimodal means. Therefore, this article explores the complex mechanisms of hate speech and its ability to manipulate public opinion and fabricate consent for hostility. Using discourse analysis (including narrative analysis, critical discourse analysis, and multimodal analysis) as the primary methodology, the study identifies manifestations of hate speech that frame opponents as existential threats through systemic bias and manipulation. The findings suggest that linguistic brainwashing provides moral justification for aggression and emphasize that understanding the nature of provocative language is a vital societal defense. In an era where social media dictates the boundaries of truth, decoding military discourse is essential to countering polarization and preserving a shared objective reality.

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Author Biographies

  • Dr. of Philology, Professor

     

    Dr. of Philology, Professor English Philology Chair Yerevan State University

     

  • PhD student, PhD

    PhD student

    Chair of English for Cross- Cultural Communication

References

ECRI (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance). (2015). ECRI General Policy Recommendation No. 15 on Combating Hate Speech. Council of Europe. https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-commission

Gee, J. P. (2011). An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203847886

Güvengez, S., Özkan, Ş., Saç, E., Sert, G., Söyler, M., & Tekin, F. (2020). Hate speech and discriminatory discourse in media 2019 report. Istanbul: Hrant Dink Foundation Publications.

Hanaachi, A. (2023). Spread of Hate Speech and Non-acceptance of the Other – From Social Factors to Political exploitation. International Military Council on Climate and Security (IMCTC). https://www.imctc.org/en/eLibrary/Articles/Pages/article20122023.aspx

Hodges, A. (2015). War language. The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction, 1-10. London: John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118611463.wbielsi077

Phillips, N. & Hardy, C. (2002). Discourse Analysis: Investigating Processes of Social Construction. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412983921

Shaw, S. E. and Bailey J. (2009). Discourse analysis: what is it and why is it relevant to family practice? Family Practice, 26, 413-419. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmp038

Sources of Data

Aliev, I. (2022, July 15). War was inevitable, Minsk group dead. Aliev’s speech on Hetk. https://hetq.am/en/article/145646

Natiqqizi, U. (2022, October 18). Azerbaijan public TV enlists singing children to insult Macron. Eurasianet. https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-public-tv-enlists-singing-children-to-insult-macron

Putin, V. (2025, June 20). Plenary session of the 28th St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. Speech and Q&A. St. Petersburg, Russia. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/77222

Zelensky, V. (2022, April 14). An Interview to Clive Myrie on the BBC. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCSt1GDG-JI

Zelensky, V. (2022, April 14). Blood money being paid for the Russian oil. BBC news article. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61107725

Zelensky, V. (2022, April 14). Russian Oil is being paid for with blood money. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCSt1GDG-JI

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Published

2026-06-10

Issue

Section

Linguistics

How to Cite

Muradian, G., & Simonyan, A. (2026). Fabricating Reality and Manufacturing Enmity: Hate Speech and the Construction of War Discourse. Bulletin of Yerevan University B: Philology, 17(2(50), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU.B/2026.17.2.067

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